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Turtle Field Course > Turtles > Flashcards

Turtles Flashcards

1
Q

What is a growth model

A

mathmatical representation of how a species grow as it ages

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2
Q

why is a growth model difficult to build

A

hard to know the age of an animal

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3
Q

Why is Faben’s growth model useful?

A

don’t need age - uses growth intervals

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4
Q

What is a ‘bet hedging species’

A

type III that has lots of young that don’t survive but adults have long lifespan

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5
Q

8 species of turtles in ON

A

blandings, Musk, painted, N. map, snapping, spotted, wood, spiny softshell

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6
Q

how big is Lake Opinicon

A

9km

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7
Q

what is special about the area

A

on the Frontenac Arch, UNESCO biosphere reserve

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8
Q

Name the parts of the Carapace

A

Cervical scute
marginal scutes (12 in painted and map, 11 in musk)
vertebral scutes
costal scutes

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9
Q

name the parts of the plastron

A

Gular
Humoral
pectoral
abdominal
femoral
anal

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10
Q

What is the NA code

A

system to mark turtles (with a file)

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11
Q

what are the two methods of tagging

A

PIT tags and notching

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12
Q

What type of nets did we use

A

Fyke and dip

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13
Q

What are the two conditions of the permit for catching turtles

A

have permit number on nets
submit report at end of season

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14
Q

Where do you apply for the permit to catch turtles

A

MNRF

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15
Q

What is COSEWIC

A

Committe on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

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16
Q

What is SARA

A

Species at rick act, uses COSEWIC info to list under endangered species act

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17
Q

If the species is of special concern that type of permit do you need

A

wildlife collection

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18
Q

if the species is threatened or endanged what type of permit

A

sar

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19
Q

Which species are special concern

A

Map, painte, musk, snapping

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20
Q

What is the ACP

A

Animal Care Protocol

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21
Q

What is the ACC

A

Animal care committee

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22
Q

what is The CCAC

A

Canadian Council on Animal Care

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23
Q

Put the committees in order of legistlation

A

COSEWIC –> CCAC –> AAC –> ACP –> Permit

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24
Q

What do you need if the permit is for a protected area

A

special permit from that juristiction

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25
Q

what does PIT stand for

A

Passive Integrated Transponder

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26
Q

what do you mark down for map turtles that you don’t for others

A

growth rings

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27
Q

what family are musk turtles in

A

Kinosternidae

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28
Q

what is the latin for musk turtle

A

sternotheris odoratus

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29
Q

why is radiotelemetry useful

A

find hibernation sites, migration routes, home range
behavioural ecology

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30
Q

what variables did we calculate for the assignment

A

a, k, b, S

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31
Q

What is an anapsid

A

a vertebrate with no post orbital holes in skull

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32
Q

what are the three hypotheses of the lineage of turtles in relation to other vertebrate

A

Genetic: most common ancester with crocs/birds
morph: mca with snakes/lizards
morph: mca equally with snakes/lizards and crocs/bird

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33
Q

what are the two major lineages of turtles

A

cryptodira
pleurodira

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34
Q

what is it difficult to tell turtle lineage from fossils

A

they have been unchanged for 210my

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35
Q

what characteristics do the ‘turtle grandfather’ and ‘toothed turtle’

A

flattend ribs, pre-plastron

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36
Q

how many species of modern turtles are there

A

350

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37
Q

how many families of modern turtles

A

14

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38
Q

What is the latin for Map turtle

A

Graptemys geographica

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39
Q

what family are the map, painted, spotted, blandings and wood turtles

A

emydidae

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40
Q

what type of turtle is the map turtle

A

river

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41
Q

what turtle has the biggest range in NA

A

painted

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42
Q

what is the largest turtle in ON

A

snapping

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43
Q

what turtle has the biggest sexual dimorphism

A

map

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44
Q

what is the asymptotic size of male map turtles

A

130mm

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45
Q

what is the asymptotic size of female map turtles

A

250mm

46
Q

how would you sex two map turtles of the same carapace length

A

female has wider head and neck, rounder, less keeled

47
Q

what diet does a sexually mature female map turtle have

A

mollusks (crush the shells)

48
Q

what do male map turtles eat

A

small mollusks and caddisfly larvae

49
Q

how many bones in the turtle skeleton are fused

A

50

50
Q

what is the plastron formed from

A

remnants from the clavical

51
Q

what is inside the turtle ribcage

A

pelvic and shoulder girdles

52
Q

what are scutes made of

A

keratin

53
Q

do turtles have teeth

A

no, they have a beak

54
Q

What months do turtles in ON grow

A

May-Oct

55
Q

Do larger turtles lay more eggs

A

no, they lay bigger eggs

56
Q

What trait are male map turtles attracted to

A

size

57
Q

apart from size, what do male map turtles use to decide if they want to mate with a female

A

public information

58
Q

what is different about turtle jaw muscle attachment compared to other vertebrates

A

the muscles are parallel and they use a pully system - Pteryoid Process

59
Q

what stops the skull muscles from joining to the jaw at 90 degrees

A

the enlarged ear cavity - Otic chamber

60
Q

compared to other reptiles, what is the bite force of turtles

A

strong

61
Q

what restricts lung breathing in turtles

A

the shell

62
Q

what do turtles do to exhale

A

move leg muscles to push gut into lungs

63
Q

what do turtles do to inhale

A

move leg muscles to pull gut away from lungs

64
Q

how do turtles control bouyancy

A

by filling/emptying the cloacal bursae

65
Q

what is the cloacal bursae used for

A

controlling bouyancy and wetting the ground for digging nests

66
Q

how do turtles stay stable while walking

A

wide shell

67
Q

why are turtles so slow

A

cant use undulation like other vertebrates, can only move pectoral girlde to increase stride length but can’t bend sideways

68
Q

how many chambers does a turtle heart have

A

three - right to left shunt

69
Q

what can turtles do with their blood that we cant

A

control thermal regulation
resend the de-oxygenated blood back to the body, bypassing the lungs - cutaneous respiration and for when lungs collapsed due to prolonged submergance

70
Q

how do turtles control their temperature

A

basking, controlling flow of deoxygenated blood

71
Q

do turtles breath through their butts

A

not really but some have papillae in their cloaca where they can absore more oxygen (not any species here - side neck turtles)

72
Q

what can turtles do as parental care

A

choose the nest site

73
Q

what impacts does the nest site have on the phenotype of baby turtles

A

temperture sex determination

74
Q

what are the three types of TSD

A

1A: warm = female
1B: cool = female
2: very cool and very warm = female

75
Q

which turtle doesnt have TSD

A

wood turtle - has sex determining chromosomes

76
Q

what is likely in hatchings if the nest temperature fluctuates a lot

A

deformities

77
Q

how many eggs does a snapping turtle lay

A

~40

78
Q

how many eggs does a map turtle lay

A

~10

79
Q

how many eggs does a musk turtle lay

A

~4

80
Q

when do turtles lay eggs

A

late may/early june and second clutch in july

81
Q

how long do turtle eggs incubate

A

8 weeks

82
Q

which turtle hatchings may have delayed emergence

A

painted and map

83
Q

what is dissociated mating

A

mating happens at different time to fertilization

84
Q

when do male turtles produce sperm

A

late summer

85
Q

how many fathers sire a typical clutch of eggs

A

2-3

86
Q

where do male turtles store sperm

A

epididymous

87
Q

where do female turtles store sperm

A

spermatica

88
Q

if male turtles are larger than females of the species, what usually occurs

A

male combat

89
Q

what do male painted turtles have that females dont

A

tomiodents
long claws
sharp scutes on the top of carapace

90
Q

what hypothesis may explain why female turtles like it rough

A

sexy son hypothesis

91
Q

what is r

A

the intrinsic rate of population growth

92
Q

what percentage of nest survival is required to keep a stable population

A

20%

93
Q

what percentage of adult survival is required to keep a stable population

A

80%

94
Q

what do map turtles need to survive winter

A

oxygenated water

95
Q

how long can painted turtles survive in hypoxic water

A

170-200 days

96
Q

how much bigger than mature male is a mature painted female

A

20%

97
Q

which sex has a more domes shaped shell in painted turtles

A

female

98
Q

what ultimately kills a turtle that runs out of oxygen

A

acidosis

99
Q

do snapping turtle hatchlings overwinter in the nest

A

no

100
Q

are hatchlings more likely to overwinter in the nest if they are northern or southern

A

southern

101
Q

how do baby turtles survive the winter

A

supercooling

102
Q

what mechanisms to baby turtles have for supercooling

A

increase concentration of urea (lowers freezing)
purce ice nucleating agents
protect skin from freezing with layer of lipids

103
Q

what do lipids on the skin do

A

stop ice from touching skin

104
Q

what do ice crystals do to a cell

A

dehyrate
also pierce organelles and membranes

105
Q

where do the map turtles in lake Opinicon aggregate in winter

A

8-acres island

106
Q

how long can stink pots survive without oxygen

A

~20 days

107
Q

how do painted turtles deal with freezing

A
  • lower metabolism by 90%
  • channel arrest mechanism
  • slow DNA replication
  • use CaCO3 as a buffer in blood
  • sequester lactate in the shell
108
Q

why do map turtles need to stay “active” in winter

A

to move O2 accross skin for cutaneous respiration

109
Q

what theory may explain why map turtles aggregate

A

selfish herd

110
Q

which growth function did we use in assignement 1

A

Von Bertilanffy

111
Q

do most map turtle nest emerge in fall or spring

A

spring

Turtle Field Course (1 decks)

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