TUNSTALL Flashcards
Q: What was the focus of Jeremy Tunstall’s previous book “The Media Are American”?
A: It focused on America’s pioneering media dominance from 1890 to 1970.
Q: What does “The Media Were American” primarily discuss?
A: It discusses how America’s media scene peaked in the late 1940s and the subsequent decline in its dominance.
Q: How does Hollywood’s revenue reflect its global dependence?
A: Hollywood’s office revenue has a great dependence on worldwide sales.
Q: In what ways is America’s media culture reflected globally?
A: America’s media culture is reflected globally in various ways, such as through fast food restaurants and the broadcasting of American TV shows in foreign countries.
Q: What term does Tunstall coin to describe the combined impact of American and European media?
A: Tunstall coins the term “Euro-American.”
also Anglo american
Q: How does media trade vary according to Tunstall?
A: Media trade varies from very direct sales to less direct methods like TV format sales or piracy.
Q: What media conglomerates were leading wholesalers of news throughout the 20th century?
A: Reuters (UK) and Associated Press (US) were leading wholesalers of news.
Q: Which countries are mentioned as partners in Hollywood film distribution?
A: UK, Canada, Australia, and Ireland.
Q: How does the English language influence American media trade?
A: English being the main working language of Europe and the United Nations aids American media trade.
Q: What argument is made regarding population size and media importation?
A: Countries with large populations like China have their own media systems, while smaller countries like Jamaica are major importers of media.
Q: What genres are highlighted for their global adaptation from American TV formats?
A: Soap operas, game shows, and talk shows.
Q: Which country’s telenovelas became a major export and cultural phenomenon?
A: Brazilian telenovelas.
Q: How did America’s strategy of content creation evolve from radio to television?
A: Programs such as “What’s My Line?” evolved from radio shows to TV shows.
Q: Which country created the reality TV show “Big Brother”?
A: The Netherlands.
Q: What significant role did Globo TV play in Brazil?
A: Globo TV It was the first radio network in Brazil to follow a 24-hour all news format. It played a major political role, including in the selection and election of presidents.
Q: How does new mass media typically progress to maturity?
A: It starts from B2B (business-to-business), moves to wealthy individuals, semi-public places like internet cafes, and finally households.
Q: What media format is noted for never having a B2B phase?
A: Television.
Q: What is significant about the internet’s origins according to Tunstall?
A: The internet was invented by Tim Berners-Lee while working at CERN in Geneva
CERN: the European Organization for Nuclear Research, is one of the world’s largest and most respected centres for scientific research.
Q: How did the US build its film industry according to Tunstall?
A: By aggressively targeting the world market.
Q: What was the dominant percentage of American movies in Western Europe by 1960?
A: 60% of all movies in Western Europe were American.
Q: What are the primary ways media is financed according to Tunstall?
A: 1. Subscriptions
2. Licensing fees
3. Advertising
4. Bribes.
5. Subsidies
Q: What is significant about Nielsen ratings?
A: They operate in 70 separate countries.
Q: Which advertising agencies are noted for their global influence?
A: Omnicom (US), Interpublic (US), and WPP (UK).
Omnicom (US), Interpublic (US), and WPP (UK).
Corporate communications companies that provides services in advertising, strategic media planning, digital marketing, and public relations.
Q: What is one example of product placement in media?
A: Jerry Seinfeld’s American Express webisode.
Q: How do media organizations’ directions change according to Tunstall?
A: Media organizations can change direction swiftly due to market demands and new ownership.
Q: Who is Rupert Murdoch and why is he significant?
A: Rupert Murdoch is a media mogul known for his vast media empire and strategic acquisitions.
Q: How did John Malone differ from Murdoch in his business strategy?
A: John Malone focused on growing share value through buying and selling numerous companies, regardless of size.
Q: What type of media switching did Disney undergo?
A: Disney transitioned from animated movies to owning TV network ABC and operating theme parks.
Q: What role did the American Forces Network (AFN) play in media?
A: AFN provided radio services to American military personnel abroad.
Q: How does Tunstall describe the role of the BBC between 1940 and 2000?
A: The BBC was the most successful non-profit media organization during this period
Q: What impact did American media have on the British Empire during the 1920s?
A: U.S. media infiltrated the British Empire, becoming the dominant film power in India by the 1920s.
Q: How did the partnership between Hollywood and English-speaking countries affect media distribution?
A: The partnership facilitated the widespread distribution of Hollywood films in the UK, Canada, Australia, and Ireland.
Q: What is the significance of English being the main working language of the United Nations in terms of media influence?
A: It helped American media to maintain its influence globally due to the ease of communication and content distribution.
Q: According to Manuel Castells and Armand Mattelart, what sector had the most globalization potential after NASA’s defunding?
A: Telecommunications.
Q: How did satellite technology boost mass media globalization?
A: Satellites enabled the global transmission of media content, enhancing the reach and influence of mass media.
Q: What are the three categories of countries that import the most media content?
A: Small population countries in sub-Saharan Africa, small countries near large neighbors in the Caribbean, and smaller European countries.
Q: How does Tunstall differentiate between direct and altered media?
.
A: Direct media is consumed in its original form, while altered media is adapted through translation, foreign financing, commissioning, or genre copying
Q: What is the significance of population size in media consumption according to Tunstall?
A: Larger countries with significant populations like China and India tend to produce their own media, while smaller countries import more.
Q: What historical role did Reuter (UK) and Associated Press (US) play in global media?
A: They were leading wholesalers of news throughout the 20th century.
Q: How did soap operas evolve in global popularity from the 1950s to the 1990s?
A: They started in America and became popular in Spanish-speaking countries, then spread to India, China, and Western Europe by the 1990s.
Q: What challenges did Brazilian telenovelas face during their rise in popularity?
A: They had to deal with military censorship despite their widespread popularity.
Q: How did American media consistently create new content over the decades?
A: Through various formats such as radio shows, reality shows, home videos, and programs that were cheap to produce but highly lucrative.
Q: What was the first British soap opera and its broadcasting frequency?
A: “Coronation Street,” broadcast twice a week, 100 times per year.
Q: What role does Globo TV play in Brazil’s media landscape?
A: Globo TV is a major political player, influencing presidential elections and owning a press-radio empire.
Q: How did India and China’s media industries adapt to local preferences?
A: By creating content in local languages and formats that resonated with their large populations.
