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Pathology MD2002 > Tumour Pathology > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A neoplasm of neoplastic cells and stroma (CT, BV’s and inflammatory cells)

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2
Q

What is the behaviour of tumours?

A

Autonomous - which is where response to physiological stimuli is lost or abnormal allowing for unregulated growth.

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3
Q

What is stroma?

A

These aren’t the tumour cells but structures that surround the tumour.

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4
Q

What are the Hallmarks of Cancer?

A 
Evading apoptosis, 
self-sufficiency in growth signals,
 insensitivity to anti-growth signals,
 tissue invasion and metastasis, 
limitless replicative potential 
and sustained angiogenesis
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of benign tumours?

A

Well circumscribed, slow growth, no necrosis, non-invasive, no metastasis.

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6
Q

What are the features of malignant tumours

A

Poorly circumscribes, rapid growth, often necrotic, invasive and metastasis.

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7
Q

What are some of the clinical effects of benign tumours

A

They have space occupying effects, they can cause haemorrhage and can produce hormones

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8
Q

How do malignant tumours spread?

A

Directly invade locally, via the lymphatics, via the bloodstream (haematological) or through body cavities (transcoelomic)

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9
Q

Where does prostate, lung, breast and ovary cancer most often metastasise to?

A

1) Prostate - bone.
2) lung - brain and adrenals.
3) breast - Lung, liver, bone and brain.
4) ovary - peritoneal cavity

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10
Q

What are the macroscopic features of benign tumours?

A

Sessile, pedunculated and papillary

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11
Q

What are the macroscopic features of malignant tumours?

A

Fungating, ulcerated or annular

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12
Q

What are some of the microscopic features of benign tumours?

A

Resemble tissue of origin, well circumscribed, well differentiated, minimal nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic features normal and no necrosis

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13
Q

What are some of the microscopic features of malignant tumours?

A

Variable resemblance, poorly circumscribed, variable differentiation, variable pleomorphism, may be anaplastic, abnormal mitotic figures and necrotic

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14
Q

What are some cytological features of malignancy?

A

High nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear hyperchromasia, nuclear pleomorphism, abnormal chromatin structure and abnormal mitotic figures

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15
Q

Describe histological classification - Grade

A

It is based on the differentiation (resemblance to tissue if origin).

1) - Well differentiated.
2) moderately differentiated.
3) poorly differentiated
4) nearly anaplastic

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16
Q

Describe the classification of spread - Stage

A

TNM stage. T = Tumour size, N = degree of lymphnode involvement, and M = Extent of metastasis.

17
Q

What is Dukes staging system for colorectal cancer?

A

A - confined to bowel wall.
B - Through bowel wall but no lymph node involvement.
C - lymph nodes involved.
D - distant spread

18
Q

What are the benign and malignant names for a tumour arising from squamous epithelium?

A

B - Squamous cell papilloma.

M - Squamous cell Carcinoma

19
Q

What are the benign and malignant names for a tumour arising from transitional epithelium?

A

B - transitional cell papilloma.

M - Transitional cell carcinoma

20
Q

What are the benign and malignant names for a tumour arising from basal cells

A

B - basal cell papilloma

M - basal cell carcinoma

21
Q

What are the benign and malignant names for a tumour arising from glands

A

B - Adenoma.

M - Adenocarcinoma

22
Q

What are the benign and malignant names for a tumour arising from smooth muscle cells

A

B - Leiomyoma.

M - Leiomyosarcoma

23
Q

What are the benign and malignant names for a tumour arising from striated muscle

A

B - Rhabdomyoma.

M - Rabdomyosarcoma

24
Q

What are the benign and malignant names for a tumour arising from adipose tissue

A

B - Lipoma.

M - Liposarcoma

25
Q

What are the benign and malignant names for a tumour arising from blood vessels

A

B - Angioma.

M - Angiosarcoma

26
Q

What are the benign and malignant names for a tumour arising from bone

A

B - Osteoma.

M - Osteosarcoma

27
Q

What are the benign and malignant names for a tumour arising from cartilage

A

B - Chondroma

M - Chondrosarcoma

28
Q

What are the benign and malignant names for a tumour arising from mesothelium

A

Benign or malignant mesothelioma

29
Q

What are the benign and malignant names for a tumour arising from synovium

A

B - Synovioma.

M - Synovial Sarcoma

30
Q

features of precursors of mesenchymal or epithelial tumours.

A

Epithelial are associated with a non-invasive precursor while mesenchymal are not

31
Q

What is a teratoma

A

A tumour that contains elements of all three embryonic germ cell layers. Ovarian teratomas are always benign but testicular teratomas are often malignant

32
Q

If a tumour arises from a single origin what is it called?

A

It is clonal and then all tumours will have the same enzyme markers

Pathology MD2002 (17 decks)

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