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Principles of Disease > Tumour Pathology > Flashcards

Tumour Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

A fundamental property of cancer is its ability to invade into adjacent tissue. It ‘metastasise’ spreads and grows at other sites in the body.

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2
Q

Epithelium Glandular, benign and malignant

A

Epithelium Glandular: Aden
Epithelium Glandular Benign: Adenoma
Epithelium Glandular Malignant: Aden-carcinoma

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3
Q

Epithelium Squamous, benign and malignant

A

Epithelium Squamous: Squamous
Epithelium Squamous Benign: Squamous Papiloma
Epithelium Squamous Malignant: Squamous Carcinoma

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4
Q

Connective Tissue, bone

A

Bone Tissue: Oste
Bone Tissue Benign: Osteoma
Bone Tissue Malignant: Osteo Sarcoma

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5
Q

Connective Tissue, fat

A

Fat Tissue: Lip
Fat Tissue Benign: Lipoma
Fat Tissue Malignant: Lip Sarcoma

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6
Q

Connective Tissue, fibrous

A

Fibrous Tissue: Fibr
Fibrous Tissue Benign: Fibroma
Fibrous Tissue Malignant: Fibro Sarcoma

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7
Q

Lymphoid Tissue

A

Lymphoid Tissue Malignant: Lymphoma

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8
Q

Melanocyte Cells

A

Melanocyte Cells Benign: Naevus

Melanocyte Cells Malignant: Melanoma

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9
Q

White Blood Cells

A

White Blood Cells Malignant: Leukaemia

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10
Q

Neural Tissue

A

Central Nervous System Malignant: Astrocytoma

Peripheral Nervous System Malignant: Schwannoma

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11
Q

Germ Cells

A

Teratomas – Is a tumour made up of different types of tissue, they usually develop in the testis/ ovaries.
In Ovaries they are usually Benign.
In Testis they are usually Malignant.

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12
Q

List the differences between benign and malignant tumours:

A 
Benign
Non-invasive and slow
Usually encapsulated
No evidence of invasion
No Metastases 
Cells similar to normal
‘Well differentiated’
Function similarly to normal cells
Rarely cause death
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13
Q

List the differences between benign and malignant tumours:

A 
Malignant
Invasive and rapid
No capsule, or capsule has been breached by tumour cells
Evidence of invasion 
Evidence of Metastases
Cells are abnormal
‘Poorly differentiated’
Loss of normal function
Often cause death
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14
Q

Define the properties of cancer cells:

A
  1. Tumour suppressor genes/ antioncogene no longer work. These genes normally protect the cell from developing cancer. Examples: Adenomatous polyposis (APC), Retinoblastoma (Rb), BRCA1
  2. Gain the function of Oncogenes – these can transform a cell into a tumour cell. Examples B-raf, Cyclin D1, ErbB2, c-Myc, K-ras, N-ras
  3. The function of the cell is altered. There is loss of cell to cell adhesion. Altered cell to matrix adhesion.
  4. The morphology/ shape of the cell is unusual
  5. Cells are capable of independent growth
  6. There are also tumour biomarkers – these are signals that there is a cancer present. This includes secretion of molecules. Or a specific response from the body, due to the presence of cancer e.g the production of tumour related proteins.
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15
Q

Tumour biomarkers:

A

Onco-foetal proteins

Oncogenes

Growth factors & Receptors

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

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16
Q

Biomarkers (specifically proteins) that suggest certain cancers:
Alpha feto-protein

A 
Teratoma of testis 
Hepatocellular carcinoma (Liver)
17
Q

Biomarkers (specifically proteins) that suggest certain cancers:
CEA/ Carcino – embryonic antigen

A

Colorectal cancer

18
Q

Biomarkers (specifically proteins) that suggest certain cancers:
Oestrogen receptor

A

Breast cancer

19
Q

Biomarkers (specifically proteins) that suggest certain cancers:
Prostate specific antigen

A

Prostate cancer

20
Q

Biomarkers (specifically genes) that suggest certain cancers:

A 
Kras = Colorectal cancer 
Braf = Melanoma 
EGFR = Lung cancer 
PD-L1 = Lung cancer
Her2 = Breast cancer & Gastric cancer
21
Q

Common sites for metastasis:

A

Brain, Lung, Liver, Bone, Adrenal Glands & Peritoneum/ Omentum

22
Q

Uncommon sites for metastasis:

A

Spleen, Kidney, Skeletal muscle, Heart

23
Q

Tumours which commonly metastasise to specific sites:

A

Breast to Bone
Prostate to Bone
Colorectal to Liver
Ovary to Omentum/ Peritoneum

24
Q

Benign tumour local effects:

A
  • Pressure – on surrounding structures, blood vessels, intestinal tract etc
  • Obstruction – of a lumen
25
Q

Malignant tumours local effects:

A
  • Pressure – on surrounding structures, blood vessels, intestinal tract etc
  • Obstruction – of a lumen
  • Tissue destruction, ulceration/ infection
  • Bleeding, anaemia and/or haemorrhage - (small amount of oozing over time, this can cause Anaemia (iron deficiency) and tiredness. Haemorrhaging is less common, but can occur when a large blood vessel/ artery is damaged
  • Pain – due to pressure on nerves, perineural infiltration (space around the nerve) also pain from pathological bone fractures
  • The treatment will also have side effects
26
Q

Malignant tumours Systemic effects:

A
  • Weight loss/ cachexia (weakness and wasting due to chronic illness)
  • Secretion of ‘normal’/ ‘abnormal’ hormones
  • Paraneoplastic syndromes – triggered by an altered immune system response
  • Effects of the treatment

Principles of Disease (1 decks)

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