Tumour pathology 3

Question 1

Local effect of benign tumours

Answer 1

benign:- pressure (on surrounding structures) and obstruction (a structure with a lumen)

Question 2

Local effects of malignant tumours

Answer 2

Pressure
obstruction
tissue destruction (ulceration/infection- want to avoid esp if immunodepressant)
bleeding (anaemia/haemorrhage)
Pain
(pressure on nerves, perineural infiltration, bone pain from pathological fractures)
effects of treatment

Question 3

Systemic effects of malignant tumours

Answer 3

Wight loss (cancer cachexia) - likely due
secretion of hormones (normal/ abnormal)
paraneoplastic syndromes
effects of treatment

Question 4

What is considered a ‘normal’ hormone production by tumours

Answer 4

produced by tumours of endocrine organ

Question 5

What is considered an ‘abnormal’ hormone production by tumours

Answer 5

produced by tumour from an organ that does not normally produce hormone
e.g ACTH and ADH hormones in lung cancer

Question 6

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

Answer 6

Cannot be explained by local or metastatic effects of tumours
unknown really

Question 7

What is dysplasia?

Answer 7

pre-malignant change- the earliest change in the process of malignancy that can be visualised. Identified in epithelium- no invasion but can progress to cancer

Question 8

features of dysplasia?

Answer 8

Disorganisation of cells- increased nuclear size, increased mitotic activity, abnormal mitoses
grading of dysplasia- high or low grade?
no invasion

Question 9

what is intra-epithelial neoplasia?

Answer 9

development of a high-grade dysplasia in an epithelium

Question 10

high or low grade dysplasia?

Answer 10

high grade is a more advanced pre-cancer change than low-grade dysplasia

Question 11

Early detection of cancer

Answer 11

Important to detect cancer at early stage 
to reduce/prevent morbidity/mortality
- Detection at pre-invasive stage
- Identification of dysplasia/intraepithelial neoplasia
Requires effective test
- Sensitive/specific
- Acceptable
Cervical cancer screening

Question 12

Cervical cancer screening

Answer 12

Aims to reduce incidence of squamous carcinoma of cervix

Question 13

Dysplasia means?

intra-epithelial neoplasia?

Answer 13

dysplasia= low grade

intra-epithelial neoplasia= high grade

Question 14

Tissue destruction could cause damage to…

Answer 14

blood vessels
small- capillaries, leaking of blood over time -reduces no. of R.B.C’s in circulation- tiredness
large- esp arterial- hemorrhage which is difficult to control

Question 15

Which biomarker would you use to detect colorectal cancer?

Answer 15

Carcinoembryonic antigen biomarker
test is a blood test used to help diagnose and manage certain types of cancers. The CEA test is used especially for cancers of the large intestine and rectum