Tumour Pathology 1, 2, 3

Question 1

What’s is Ectoderm?

Answer 1

Outside skin;

Skin, Neurons and Melanocytes

Question 2

What is the mesoderm?

Answer 2

Middle skin;

Muscle
Blood
Bone
Cartilage
Endothelium
Serous membranes

Question 3

What is the Endoderm?

Answer 3

Inside the skin

Lining of airway
Lining of gut
Glands

Question 4

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 4

Increase in cell formation/cell number

Question 5

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 5

Increase in cell size

Question 6

What is atrophy?

Answer 6

Decrease in cell size/cell number

Can be pathological or physiological

Question 7

What is metaplasia?

Answer 7

When one cell changes into another type

Can be induced by smoking

Question 8

What is neoplasia?

Answer 8

Abnormal, unregulated, uncoordinated cell/tissue growth which persists after the removal of stimulus

Question 9

What is a benign neoplasm?

Answer 9

A neoplasm (tumour) that does not invade or metastasise other tissues

Question 10

What is a malignant neoplasm?

Answer 10

A neoplasm that does invade other tissues or organs

• AKA cancer

Question 11

What is the shape of benign tumours?

Answer 11

Smooth and round with smooth encapsulated border

Question 12

What is the shape of malignant tumours?

Answer 12

Spiculate/asymmetrical with irregular border

Question 13

What is the infiltration and spread of benign tumours?

Answer 13

Confined by base membrane

Question 14

What is the infiltration and spread of malignant tumours?

Answer 14

Invasive locally and distant spread

Question 15

What is the treatment for benign tumours?

Answer 15

Surgery

Question 16

What are the treatment options for malignant tumours?

Answer 16

Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy

Question 17

What is a carcinoma?

Answer 17

A form of malignant neoplasm in epithelium tissue or lining of organs

E.g leukaemia, lymphoma, sarcoma (CT)

Question 18

What are examples of benign tumours in the epithelium?

Answer 18

Adenoma, papilloma, Shwannoma

Question 19

What does the term ‘-oma’ usually indicate?

Answer 19

Neoplasia, but not alway

Question 20

What are some physical properties of cancer cells?

Answer 20

Nucleus and cytoplasm
Are pleomorphic
Hypermorphic
Coarse chromatin
Highly mitotic ands abnormal forms
Diagnosed structure

Question 21

What is the behaviour of normal cells?

Answer 21

Replicate when required
Stick together and stay put
Specialise to a specific role
Die when instructed to

Question 22

What is the behaviour of cancer cells?

Answer 22

Unregulated growth
Loss of cohesion
Immaturity
Immoraltiy

Question 23

What is carcinogenesis?

Answer 23

Process by which cells become cancerous

Question 24

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 24

Formation of new blood vessels - typically capillaries

Question 25

Why is tumour angiogenesis important for?

Answer 25

It is required to sustain growth of the tumour

Question 26

What is necrosis?

Answer 26

Premature/unregulated cell death

A passive process

Question 27

What is an oncogene

Answer 27

A gene that has the ability to cause cancer

Question 28

What is a proto-oncogene

Answer 28

Normal genes that become onco genes

Question 29

What is metastasis

Answer 29

The spread of cancer

Question 30

How does metastasis occur?

Answer 30

Through multiple steps in the process
ECM remodelling
Loss of cell to cell and cell to matrix adhesion

Question 31

What are the different types of spread in the body?

Answer 31

Local
Lymphatic
Haematogenous
Trans-coelomic

Question 32

What is the steps involved in lymphatic spread?

Answer 32

Invades connective tissues
Enters lymphatic
Travel through lymphatics
Exit lymphatics
Enter lymph node
Grow in lymph node

Question 33

What is Trans-coelomoic metastasis

Answer 33

Spread of cancer though body cavity

Can be peritoneal (gastric, ovarian, colonic)
Or can be pleural (lung)