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DNA and Disease > Tumour Immunology + Other Hallmarks of Cancer > Flashcards

Tumour Immunology + Other Hallmarks of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

How are cancer cells sometimes recognised as non-self?

A

Hallmark of cancer = mutations

  • > change in proteins
  • > peptides displayed on plasma membrane (act as antigen)
  • > which are recognised as non-self
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2
Q

What are the stem cell precursors called in haematopoiesis?

A

Haematopoietic stem cell

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3
Q

What are the 2 distinct lineages formed in haematopoiesis?

A

Myeloid

Lymphoid

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4
Q

Where do a lot of immune response occur?

A

Lymphatic system

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5
Q

What type of immunity involves antibodies? What cells are involved?

A

Humoral (adaptive) immunity

B-cells

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6
Q

What does adaptive mean?

A

Immune cells are taught to attack previously encountered antigens on a cell

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7
Q

What does innate mean?

A

Immune cells recognise new non-self cell surface proteins

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of cellular immunity?

A

Specific (adaptive)

Nonspecific (innate)

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9
Q

What cells are involved in specific cellular immunity?

A

T-cells
= Cytotoxic T-cells
= Helper T-cells
= Regulatory T-cells

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10
Q

What do regulatory T-cells do?

A

In specific cellular response

Inhibit cytotoxic + helper T-cells

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11
Q

What do cytotoxic T-cells do?

A

Kills target cells

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12
Q

What do help T-cells do?

A

In specific cellular response

Stimulate cytotoxic T-cells + proliferation of plasma cells (-> increase antibody production)

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13
Q

What is MHC?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

= cell surface proteins

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14
Q

What type of cells express MHC class I?

A

Almost all cell types including cancer cells

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15
Q

What type of cell express MHC class II?

A

Professional immunocytes
= antigen-presenting cells
= e.g. phagocytes

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16
Q

What cell can interact w/ MHC? What part specifically is bound to MHC?

A

T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs)

17
Q

What is the costimulating molecules for MHC class I?

A

CD8

18
Q

What is the costimulating molecules for mHC class II?

A

CD4

19
Q

CD8 + CD4 are expressed by which cells?

A

T-cells

20
Q

Describe the “war” between cancer + the immune system through cancer progression

A

Early stages of cancer progression (in situ tumour/premalignant lesion):
= Immune system = highly active
= Typically destroys majority of cancer cells
= Cancer cells recognise as non-self
= Don’t eliminate all cancer cells

Equilibrium:
= Not all cancer cells are targeted
= Dampening of immune system
-> tumour grows

Later stages of cancer progression:
= Mutations allows cancer cells to escape detection by immune system
= Mutations that dampens immune system
-> Tumour grows

21
Q

What do cancer cells express that binds w/ MHC I?

A

Tumour-associated antigen (TAAs)

22
Q

Describe the 2 mechanisms of how cytotoxic T-cells cause apoptosis in cancer cells

A

1) Cytotoxic T-cells perforate surface of cancer cells (perforin makes channels)
= Releases granzymes to cancer cells
= Granzymes activate caspases inside -> apoptosis

2) Active induction of apoptosis
= Mediated by cytotoxic T-cells
= Release death ligands which bind to death cell receptors on cancer cells

23
Q

Name the 2 molecules involved in the immune checkpoint

A

PDL1

CTLA-4

24
Q

How can cancer cells avoid immune system (immunoevasion)?

A

Hide from Tc (by repressing expression of MHC/tumour antigens)

Hide stress from NK cells (by repressing expression of stress proteins)

Inactivate immunocytes (Tc + NK) (by secreting immunosuppressive proteins e.g. TGF-beta/IL-10)

Induce Tc apoptosis (by releasing apoptotic/death ligands e.g. FasL)

Develop resistance to FasL mediated apoptosis

Attract other Treg cells that inhibit Tcs

25
Q

What is over expressed in cancer cells that results in weight loss?

A

Glucose transporters

26
Q

Glucose in cancer cells usually enter what metabolic pathway?
What are the possible reasons for this?

A

Anaerobic/lactate/glycolytic

To make building blocks to make more cells -> proliferation
OR
Avoid mito. as it secretes cyto. c which induces apoptosis

27
Q

What are the cells suggested to be the derivation of leukaemia stem cells?

A

Haematopoietic stem cells

Immature mutant haematopoietic progenitors

DNA and Disease (9 decks)

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