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2a- Immunology > Tumour immunology > Flashcards

Tumour immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the etiology of cancer?

A
  • Transformation of germline cells: inheritable cancers (<10%, Rb, BRCA1, 2)
  • Transformation of somatic cells: noninheritable cancers (>90%)
  • Environmental factors: UV (skin cancer), chemicals (lung cancer), pathogens (HPV causes cervical cancer, helicobacter causes stomach cancer)
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2
Q

What are the hallmarks of cancer?

A
  • Growth self-sufficiency
  • Evade apoptosis
  • Ignore anti-proliferative signals
  • Limitless replication potential
  • Sustained angiogenesis
  • Invade tissues
  • Escape immune surveillance
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3
Q

What is the goal of tumour immunology?

A

to induce clinically effective anti‐tumour immune responses that would discriminate between tumour cells and normal cells in cancer patients

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4
Q

What is cancer immunosurveillance?

A

Immune system can recognize and destroy nascent transformed cells, normal control

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5
Q

What is cancer immunoediting?

A
  • Tumours tend to be genetically unstable
  • Immune system can kill and also induce changes in the tumour resulting in tumour escape and recurrence
  • Allows tumours to be undetected
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6
Q

What are the 2 tumour antigens?

A
  • Tumour Specific Antigens (TSA)
  • Tumour Associated Antigens (TAA)
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7
Q

What are features of tumour specific antigens?

A
  • Are only found on tumours
  • As a result of point mutations or gene rearrangement
  • Derive from viral antigens
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8
Q

What are features of tumour associated antigens?

A
  • Found on both normal and tumour cells, but are overexpressed on cancer cells
  • Developmental antigens which become derepressed (CEA)
  • Differentiation antigens are tissue specific
  • Altered modification of a protein could be an antigen
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9
Q

What is evidence for human tumour immunity?

A
  • Spontaneous regression: melanoma, lymphoma
  • Regression of metastases after removal of primary tumour: pulmonary metastases from renal carcinoma
  • Infiltration of tumours by lymphocytes and macrophages: melanoma and breast cancer
  • Lymphocyte proliferation in draining lymph nodes
  • Higher incidence of cancer after immunosuppression, immunodeficiency (AIDS, neonates), aging, etc
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10
Q

What is evidence of escape?

A
  • Tumour escape
  • Immune evasion
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11
Q

What is tumour escape?

A

Immune responses change tumours such that tumours will no longer be seen by the immune system

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12
Q

What is immune evasion?

A

Tumours change the immune responses by promoting immune suppressor cells

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of immunotherapy?

A
  • Active
  • Passive
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14
Q

What is an example of active immunotherapy?

A

Vaccination

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15
Q

What are the different types of vaccines?

A
  • Killed tumour vaccine
  • Purified tumour antigens
  • Professional APC (antigen presenting cells, types of WBC) -based vaccines
  • Cytokine- and costimulator- enhanced vaccines
  • DNA vaccines
  • Viral vectors
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16
Q

What are 2 examples of passive immunotherapy?

A
  • Adoptive Cellular Therapy (T cells)
  • Anti-tumour Antibodies (Her-2/Neu, CD20, CD10, CEA, CA-125, GD3 ganglioside)
17
Q

What is cell-based therapy?

A
  • Cellular therapies can be used to activate a patient’s immune system to attack cancer
  • They can also be used as delivery vehicle to target therapeutic genes to attack the tumour
  • They do not act directly on cancer cells
    • work systemically to activate the body’s immune system
18
Q

What is a dendritic cell?

A

An antigen presenting cell

19
Q

What is the precursor to dendritic cells?

A

Monocytes

20
Q

Where do macrophages accumulate?

A

Hypoxic areas

21
Q

What is tumour hypoxia?

A
  • Hypoxia (low oxygen) is a prominent feature of malignant tumours
  • Inability of the blood supply to keep up with growing tumour cells
  • Hypoxic tumour cells adapt to low oxygen
22
Q

What are the problems with hypoxia?

A
  1. Stimulates new vessel growth
  2. Suppresses immune system
  3. Resistant to radio/chemotherapy (repopulate the tumour)
  4. Increased tumour hypoxia after therapy

2a- Immunology (5 decks)

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