Tumour classification Flashcards
explain what a tumour is
any abnormal swelling, eg neoplasm, inflammation, hypertrophy, hyperplasia
define a neoplasm
a lesion resulting from the AUTONOMOUS or relatively autonomous ABNORMAL growth of cells which PERSISTS after the initiating stimulus has been removed (a new growth)
What percentage of the population will get neoplasia in their life?
25%
What are the top 5 most common cancers in men in order?
prostate lung bowel bladder kidney
What are the top 5 most deadly cancers in men in order?
lung prostate bowel oesophagus pancreas
What are the top 5 most common cancers in women in order?
breast lung bowel uterine malignant melanoma
What are the top 5 most dead deadly cancers in women in order?
lung breast bowel pancreas ovarian
A tumour is either malignant/benign or fatal/sublcinical. T or F
False, cancer is a SPECTRUM of disease
What is a neoplasm made of?
Neoplastic cells AND stroma
Give features of neoplastic cells
- derive from nucleated cells (as there must be genetic changes)
- monoclonal (from a single cell)
- growth pattern related to parent cell
- synthetic activity related to parent cell
What substances can neoplastic cells secrete?
collagen
mucin
keratin
hormones
What is the purpose of the stroma in a neoplasm?
mechanical support
nutrition
What cell an tissue types would you expect to find in a neoplasm’s stroma?
… check lec notes
Explain the stages of tumour angiogenesis
- the tumour cells are not many and can get their nutrients by diffusion from nearby capillaries
- the tumour increases in size and needs its own blood supply - angiogenesis
- the tumour grows even more in size and the centre of the tumour becomes necrosed
What is essential for the growth of a tumour?
angiogenesis
Why do we classify neoplasms?
- to determine appropriate treatment
2. for prognosis
What are the two ways in which we can classify a neoplasm?
- behavioural ie benign/malignant/borderline
2. histogenic ie cell of origin
Give features of a benign neoplasm
- localised ie non-invasive
- slow growth rate
- low mitotic activity
- close resemblance to normal tissue
- circumscribed or encapsulated
- nuclear morphometry normal
- necrosis rare
- ulceration rare
- growth on mucosal surfaces is exophytic
What problems can a benign neoplasm cause?
- pressure on adjacent structures
- obstruction of flow
- production of hormones
- transformation to malignant neoplasm
- anxiety
Give characteristics of a malignant neoplasm
- invasive
- metastases
- rapid growth rate
- variable resemblance to normal tissue
- poorly defined/irregular border (crab)
- hyperchromatic nuclei
- pleomorphic nuclei
- increased mitotic activity
- necrosis
- ulceration
- growth on mucosal surfaces and skin is endophytic (due to invasion)
What problems can malignant neoplasms cause?
- metastases
- destroy surrounding tissue
- blood loss from ulcers
- obstruction of flow
- hormone production
- paraneoplastic effects
- anxiety and pain
Define histogenesis
the specific cell of origin of a tumour
How do we find out the histogenesis of a tumour?
histopathological examination
Name the three types of tissue that a neoplasm can come from
epithelial cells
connective tissue
lymphatic/haemopoietic organs
What is the common suffix for ALL neoplasms?
-oma
what does the prefix tell us?
behavioural classification and type
What is the name of a benign epithelial neoplasm?
papilloma
What are the features of a papilloma?
- benign
- non-glandular/non-secretory epithelium
What prefix would you use for a papilloma and give an example?
the cell type of origin
squamous cell papilloma
What is an adenoma?
A benign glandular/secretory epithelial neoplasm
What prefix would you use for an adenoma?
cell type of origin
eg colonic adenoma or thyroid adenoma
What is a carcinoma?
a malignant epithelial neoplasm
What is the prefix for a carcinoma?
The name of the epithelial cell type (not always sure on the cell of origin with malignant neoplasms, but e can say what cell type we see it as being now)
eg transitional cell carcinoma
What is an adenocarcinoma?
malignant tumour of glandular/secretory epithelial cells
How do we name benign connective tissue neoplasms?
prefix: cell of origin
suffix:-oma
one word only
Give examples of benign connective tissue neoplasms
lipoma chondroma osteoma angioma leiomyoma rhabdomyoma neuroma
What is a benign connective tissue neoplasm of striated muscle called?
Rhabdomyoma
What is a benign connective tissue neoplasm of smooth muscle called?
leiomyoma (non-scientific name = fibroid)
What is a malignant connective tissue neoplasm called?
sarcoma
Give examples of malignant connective tissue neoplasms
liposarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma leiomyosarcoma chondrosarcoma angiosarcoma osteosarcoma
What is the name given to malignant tumours where the cell type of origin is unknown?
anaplastic
What would be the most deadly degree of differentiation?
anaplastic
Give examples of -omas that are not neoplasms
granuloma
atheroma
tuberculoma
mycetoma
Give examples of malignant tumours that are not called sarcomas or carcinomas
melanoma
lymphoma
mesothelioma
Give examples of Eponymously names tumours
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
Grawitz tumour
Kaposi’s sarcoma
