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Neoplasia > Tumour classification > Flashcards

Tumour classification Flashcards

1
Q

explain what a tumour is

A

any abnormal swelling, eg neoplasm, inflammation, hypertrophy, hyperplasia

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2
Q

define a neoplasm

A

a lesion resulting from the AUTONOMOUS or relatively autonomous ABNORMAL growth of cells which PERSISTS after the initiating stimulus has been removed (a new growth)

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3
Q

What percentage of the population will get neoplasia in their life?

A

25%

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4
Q

What are the top 5 most common cancers in men in order?

A 
prostate
lung
bowel
bladder
kidney
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5
Q

What are the top 5 most deadly cancers in men in order?

A 
lung
prostate
bowel
oesophagus
pancreas
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6
Q

What are the top 5 most common cancers in women in order?

A 
breast
lung
bowel
uterine
malignant melanoma
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7
Q

What are the top 5 most dead deadly cancers in women in order?

A 
lung
breast
bowel
pancreas
ovarian
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8
Q

A tumour is either malignant/benign or fatal/sublcinical. T or F

A

False, cancer is a SPECTRUM of disease

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9
Q

What is a neoplasm made of?

A

Neoplastic cells AND stroma

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10
Q

Give features of neoplastic cells

A
  1. derive from nucleated cells (as there must be genetic changes)
  2. monoclonal (from a single cell)
  3. growth pattern related to parent cell
  4. synthetic activity related to parent cell
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11
Q

What substances can neoplastic cells secrete?

A

collagen
mucin
keratin
hormones

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the stroma in a neoplasm?

A

mechanical support

nutrition

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13
Q

What cell an tissue types would you expect to find in a neoplasm’s stroma?

A

… check lec notes

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14
Q

Explain the stages of tumour angiogenesis

A
  1. the tumour cells are not many and can get their nutrients by diffusion from nearby capillaries
  2. the tumour increases in size and needs its own blood supply - angiogenesis
  3. the tumour grows even more in size and the centre of the tumour becomes necrosed
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15
Q

What is essential for the growth of a tumour?

A

angiogenesis

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16
Q

Why do we classify neoplasms?

A
  1. to determine appropriate treatment

2. for prognosis

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17
Q

What are the two ways in which we can classify a neoplasm?

A
  1. behavioural ie benign/malignant/borderline

2. histogenic ie cell of origin

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18
Q

Give features of a benign neoplasm

A
  1. localised ie non-invasive
  2. slow growth rate
  3. low mitotic activity
  4. close resemblance to normal tissue
  5. circumscribed or encapsulated
  6. nuclear morphometry normal
  7. necrosis rare
  8. ulceration rare
  9. growth on mucosal surfaces is exophytic
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19
Q

What problems can a benign neoplasm cause?

A
  1. pressure on adjacent structures
  2. obstruction of flow
  3. production of hormones
  4. transformation to malignant neoplasm
  5. anxiety
20
Q

Give characteristics of a malignant neoplasm

A
  1. invasive
  2. metastases
  3. rapid growth rate
  4. variable resemblance to normal tissue
  5. poorly defined/irregular border (crab)
  6. hyperchromatic nuclei
  7. pleomorphic nuclei
  8. increased mitotic activity
  9. necrosis
  10. ulceration
  11. growth on mucosal surfaces and skin is endophytic (due to invasion)
21
Q

What problems can malignant neoplasms cause?

A
  1. metastases
  2. destroy surrounding tissue
  3. blood loss from ulcers
  4. obstruction of flow
  5. hormone production
  6. paraneoplastic effects
  7. anxiety and pain
22
Q

Define histogenesis

A

the specific cell of origin of a tumour

23
Q

How do we find out the histogenesis of a tumour?

A

histopathological examination

24
Q

Name the three types of tissue that a neoplasm can come from

A

epithelial cells
connective tissue
lymphatic/haemopoietic organs

25
Q

What is the common suffix for ALL neoplasms?

A

-oma

26
Q

what does the prefix tell us?

A

behavioural classification and type

27
Q

What is the name of a benign epithelial neoplasm?

A

papilloma

28
Q

What are the features of a papilloma?

A
  • benign

- non-glandular/non-secretory epithelium

29
Q

What prefix would you use for a papilloma and give an example?

A

the cell type of origin

squamous cell papilloma

30
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

A benign glandular/secretory epithelial neoplasm

31
Q

What prefix would you use for an adenoma?

A

cell type of origin

eg colonic adenoma or thyroid adenoma

32
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

a malignant epithelial neoplasm

33
Q

What is the prefix for a carcinoma?

A

The name of the epithelial cell type (not always sure on the cell of origin with malignant neoplasms, but e can say what cell type we see it as being now)
eg transitional cell carcinoma

34
Q

What is an adenocarcinoma?

A

malignant tumour of glandular/secretory epithelial cells

35
Q

How do we name benign connective tissue neoplasms?

A

prefix: cell of origin
suffix:-oma
one word only

36
Q

Give examples of benign connective tissue neoplasms

A 
lipoma
chondroma
osteoma
angioma
leiomyoma
rhabdomyoma
neuroma
37
Q

What is a benign connective tissue neoplasm of striated muscle called?

A

Rhabdomyoma

38
Q

What is a benign connective tissue neoplasm of smooth muscle called?

A

leiomyoma (non-scientific name = fibroid)

39
Q

What is a malignant connective tissue neoplasm called?

A

sarcoma

40
Q

Give examples of malignant connective tissue neoplasms

A 
liposarcoma
rhabdomyosarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
chondrosarcoma
angiosarcoma
osteosarcoma
41
Q

What is the name given to malignant tumours where the cell type of origin is unknown?

A

anaplastic

42
Q

What would be the most deadly degree of differentiation?

A

anaplastic

43
Q

Give examples of -omas that are not neoplasms

A

granuloma
atheroma
tuberculoma
mycetoma

44
Q

Give examples of malignant tumours that are not called sarcomas or carcinomas

A

melanoma
lymphoma
mesothelioma

45
Q

Give examples of Eponymously names tumours

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma
Ewing’s sarcoma
Grawitz tumour
Kaposi’s sarcoma

Neoplasia (5 decks)

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