Tumors of Genitourinary System Flashcards
Age and gender where kidney cancers are most common
60-90 years old
More common in men
Two paraneoplastic complications from renal cancer
Hypercalcemia (lots of renal carcinomas make PTH releasing hormone)
Erythrocytosis (more EPO)
Best early treatment for testicular cancer
Orchiectomy
Serum tumor markers (3) used to show how well treatment of testicular cancer is going
LDH
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Beta-HCG
Environmental exposure risk factor for bladder cancer
Working in manufacturing, around exhaust fumes (rubber factory)
Ethnic risk factor tier list for bladder cancer
Whites > Africans > Hispanic > Asians
Technique of choice for diagnosing and staging renal cancer
CT scan
Biggest risk factor for testicular cancer
Cryptorchidism (regardless of orchiopexy)
Most common type of kidney cancer and where they originate
90% are renal cell carcinomas
Originate in cortex
Most common symptom of bladder cancer
Painless hematuria
First place to look for metastasis of testicular cancer
Retroperitoneal lymph nodes
Most important prognostic factor in bladder cancer
Depth of the tumor
Gold standard diagnostic test for bladder cancer
Cystoscopy
(use urine cytology in grade three tumors that are big and deep)
The vast majority of bladder cancers are in this cell layer
90% are in transitional cell layer (inner layer/urothelium that contacts urine)
(75% are non-invasive and won’t metastasize)
Management of invasive and non-invasive bladder cancers
Invasive = cystectomy
Non-invasive = endoscopic resection of tumor
Primary risk factor for bladder cancer
Smoke
Test of choice for diagnosing testicular cancer
Ultrasound
Are testicular cancers painful or painless?
Painless
Cancer of the kidney is 3-6x more common in these patients
Long-term dialysis and patients with kidney transplant
Most common age and gender for bladder cancer
Over 60 years old
Males 4x more common than women
Renal cancer symptoms (triad)
Hematuria
Flank pain
Palpable mass
