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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 > TUMOR MARKERS > Flashcards

TUMOR MARKERS Flashcards

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1
Q

Circulating tumor markers can be found in (4)

A

Blood
Urine
Stool
Other body fluids

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2
Q

Functions of circulating tumor markers (4)

A
  1. Estimate prognosis
  2. Detect residual disease
  3. Assess treatment response
  4. Monitor resistance to treatment
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3
Q

Tumor tissue markers can be found in

A

Actual tumors

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4
Q

Functions of tumor tissue markers (3)

A
  1. Diagnose, stage, and/or classify cancer
  2. Estimate prognosis
  3. Select and appropriate treatment
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5
Q

Elevated concentration of this enzyme can be detected in cases of prostatic cancer in advanced phase

A

ACP

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6
Q

Concentration of ACP in prostatic cancer

A

> 3 ng/mL

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7
Q

Elevated concentration of this enzyme is detected in metastases to bone, liver, and osteogenic sarcoma

A

ALP

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8
Q

An enzyme marker for leukemia

A

Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT)

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9
Q

Neuron-specific enolase is detected in what conditions? (3)

A

Neuroblastoma
Brain tumor
Small cell tumor of lungs

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10
Q

Other name of Beta-HCG

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

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11
Q

Conditions in which Beta-HCG is detected or elevated (3)

A

Trophoblastic tumors
Choriocarcinoma
Germ cell tumor of the ovary and testes

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12
Q

A hormone that is elevated in pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma

A

Catecholamines

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13
Q

Hormone observed in medullary thyroid tumor

A

Calcitonin

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14
Q

A hormone that is elevated in cell carcinoma of lung

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

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15
Q

Thyroid kinase is used in the evaluation of disease spread in patient with what conditions? (5)

A

Leukemia
Lymphoma
Brain tumor
Small cell lung cancer
Breast cancer

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16
Q

It confirms the diagnosis of primary liver cancer

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

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17
Q

What concentration of alpha-fetoprotein confirms PLC?

A

> 1,200 ng/mL

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18
Q

Percentage specificity of AFP to non-seminoma germ tumor

A

60%

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19
Q

Other cancers where AFP is useful (5)

A

Ovary
Testes
Pancreas
Lungs
Gastric

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20
Q

For colorectal cancer

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

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21
Q

Tumor associated antigen for breast cancer

A

Carcinomic antigen (CA 15-3)

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22
Q

Concentration of CA 15-3 in breast cancer cases

A

> 30 U/mL

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23
Q

Other cancer where CA 15-3 is useful (5)

A

Lung
Prostatic
Ovarian
Cervical
GI

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24
Q

CA 125 is elevated in >80% of patients with what cancer?

A

Ovarian cancer

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25
Q

> 35 U/mL of CA 125 can be observed in what cancers? (4)

A

Breast cancer
Benign or malignant gynecological disease
Endometrial cancer
Cervical cancer

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26
Q

Tumor associated antigen of peritoneal malignant mesothelioma

A

CA 125

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27
Q

Gastrointestinal marker

A

CA 19-9

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28
Q

It is more specific for pancreatic and liver cancer

A

CA 19-9

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29
Q

Other cancer where CA 19-9 is used (3)

A

Colorectal
Gastric
Ovarian

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30
Q

It measures the iron binding capacity of blood

A

Ferritin

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31
Q

In what specific lymphoma is ferritin elevated?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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32
Q

Other conditions in which ferritin is elevated (4)

A

Acute leukemia
Lung cancer
Liver cancer
Prostatic cancer

33
Q

It is elevated in follicular thyroid carcinoma

A

Thyroglobulin

34
Q

A serum protein that is elevated in chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL)

A

Beta-2-microglobulin

35
Q

It is elevated in small cell carcinoma of the lungs, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and neuroblastoma

A

Bombesin

36
Q

Conditions in which S-100 protein is elevated (4)

A

Neurinoma
Glioblastoma
Astrocytoma
Meningioma

37
Q

S-100 protein is a prognostic factor for

A

Malignant melanoma

38
Q

Give the three polyamines

A

Spermine
Spermidine
Putrescine

39
Q

Polyamines is elevated in _____ in cases of _____ of cells of certain tissue

A

Urine, Rapid regeneration

40
Q

These are components of RNA

A

Nucleosidases

41
Q

Give the two nucleosidases

A

Dimethyl guanosine
Pseudouridine

42
Q

Nucleosidases enters the circulation in large amounts in cases of _____

A

Enhanced cellular proliferation

43
Q

This is a non-specific marker of enhanced cellular proliferation

A

Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA)

44
Q

Tumor marker/s used for response therapy of breast cancer

A

ER/PR/Her-2neu

45
Q

Tumor marker/s used in the diagnosis of adrenal carcinoma

A

Steroids
Catecholamines

46
Q

5-HIAA is a tumor marker used for the diagnosis of what malignancy?

A

Carcinoid

47
Q

Tumor marker/s used in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of choriocarcinoma

A

Beta-HCG

48
Q

AFP and Beta-HCG are tumor markers used for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of what malignancy

A

Germ cell tumors

49
Q

Tumor marker/s used for the prognosis and monitoring of hepatoma

A

LDH
Placental ALP (Seminoma)

50
Q

Cytogenetic alterations are used in the diagnosis of what conditions?

A

Lymphomas
Sarcoma

51
Q

Tumor marker/s used in the diagnosis and prognosis of lymphomas

A

LDH

52
Q

Tyrosinase is used in the diagnosis of what malignancy?

A

Melanoma

53
Q

Tumor marker/s used in the diagnosis and prognosis of myeloma

A

Immunoglobulins

54
Q

CA 125 roles in ovarian cancer

A

Monitoring
Diagnosis
Prognosis

55
Q

PSA roles in prostate malignancy

A

Diagnosis
Prognosis
Monitoring
Screening

56
Q

Thyroglobulin is used in ____ of thyroid malignancies

A

Screening
Monitoring

57
Q

Tumor marker/s used in screening, prognosis, and monitoring of thyroid malignancies

A

Calcitonin

58
Q

Malignancies which uses genetic analysis for detection of tumor markers

A

Lymphomas
Sarcomas

59
Q

It uses urine as a tumor marker detection method

A

Carcinoid

60
Q

Major marker of bone cancer

A

ALP

61
Q

Major marker of breast cancer

A

CA 15-3

62
Q

Major maker of carcinoid tumors

A

Chromogranin A

63
Q

Major marker of cervical cancer

A

SCC-A (squamous cell carcinoma)

64
Q

Major marker of colorectal cancer

A

CEA

65
Q

Major marker of gastric carcinoma

A

CA 72-4

66
Q

Major marker of HCC

A

AFP

67
Q

Major marker of insulinoma

A

Insulin

68
Q

Major marker of leukemia

A

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)

69
Q

Major marker of lung cancer

A

Neuron specific enolase (NSE)

70
Q

Major marker of lymphoma

A

Beta-2-microglobulin

71
Q

Major marker of medullary thyroid cancer

A

Calcitonin

72
Q

Major marker of multiple myeloma

A

Immunoglobulin heavy and light chain

73
Q

Major marker of non-seminomatous testicular tumor

A

AFP

74
Q

Major marker of ovarian carcinoma

A

CA 125

75
Q

Major marker of pancreatic carcinoma

A

CA 19-9

76
Q

Major marker of pheochromocytoma

A

Metanephrine

77
Q

Major marker of prostate carcinoma

A

PSA

78
Q

Major marker of renal cell carcinoma

A

None

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 (1 decks)

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