TUMOR MARKERS Flashcards
Circulating tumor markers can be found in (4)
Blood
Urine
Stool
Other body fluids
Functions of circulating tumor markers (4)
- Estimate prognosis
- Detect residual disease
- Assess treatment response
- Monitor resistance to treatment
Tumor tissue markers can be found in
Actual tumors
Functions of tumor tissue markers (3)
- Diagnose, stage, and/or classify cancer
- Estimate prognosis
- Select and appropriate treatment
Elevated concentration of this enzyme can be detected in cases of prostatic cancer in advanced phase
ACP
Concentration of ACP in prostatic cancer
> 3 ng/mL
Elevated concentration of this enzyme is detected in metastases to bone, liver, and osteogenic sarcoma
ALP
An enzyme marker for leukemia
Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT)
Neuron-specific enolase is detected in what conditions? (3)
Neuroblastoma
Brain tumor
Small cell tumor of lungs
Other name of Beta-HCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Conditions in which Beta-HCG is detected or elevated (3)
Trophoblastic tumors
Choriocarcinoma
Germ cell tumor of the ovary and testes
A hormone that is elevated in pheochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma
Catecholamines
Hormone observed in medullary thyroid tumor
Calcitonin
A hormone that is elevated in cell carcinoma of lung
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Thyroid kinase is used in the evaluation of disease spread in patient with what conditions? (5)
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Brain tumor
Small cell lung cancer
Breast cancer
It confirms the diagnosis of primary liver cancer
Alpha-fetoprotein
What concentration of alpha-fetoprotein confirms PLC?
> 1,200 ng/mL
Percentage specificity of AFP to non-seminoma germ tumor
60%
Other cancers where AFP is useful (5)
Ovary
Testes
Pancreas
Lungs
Gastric
For colorectal cancer
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Tumor associated antigen for breast cancer
Carcinomic antigen (CA 15-3)
Concentration of CA 15-3 in breast cancer cases
> 30 U/mL
Other cancer where CA 15-3 is useful (5)
Lung
Prostatic
Ovarian
Cervical
GI
CA 125 is elevated in >80% of patients with what cancer?
Ovarian cancer
> 35 U/mL of CA 125 can be observed in what cancers? (4)
Breast cancer
Benign or malignant gynecological disease
Endometrial cancer
Cervical cancer
Tumor associated antigen of peritoneal malignant mesothelioma
CA 125
Gastrointestinal marker
CA 19-9
It is more specific for pancreatic and liver cancer
CA 19-9
Other cancer where CA 19-9 is used (3)
Colorectal
Gastric
Ovarian
It measures the iron binding capacity of blood
Ferritin
In what specific lymphoma is ferritin elevated?
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Other conditions in which ferritin is elevated (4)
Acute leukemia
Lung cancer
Liver cancer
Prostatic cancer
It is elevated in follicular thyroid carcinoma
Thyroglobulin
A serum protein that is elevated in chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL)
Beta-2-microglobulin
It is elevated in small cell carcinoma of the lungs, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and neuroblastoma
Bombesin
Conditions in which S-100 protein is elevated (4)
Neurinoma
Glioblastoma
Astrocytoma
Meningioma
S-100 protein is a prognostic factor for
Malignant melanoma
Give the three polyamines
Spermine
Spermidine
Putrescine
Polyamines is elevated in _____ in cases of _____ of cells of certain tissue
Urine, Rapid regeneration
These are components of RNA
Nucleosidases
Give the two nucleosidases
Dimethyl guanosine
Pseudouridine
Nucleosidases enters the circulation in large amounts in cases of _____
Enhanced cellular proliferation
This is a non-specific marker of enhanced cellular proliferation
Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA)
Tumor marker/s used for response therapy of breast cancer
ER/PR/Her-2neu
Tumor marker/s used in the diagnosis of adrenal carcinoma
Steroids
Catecholamines
5-HIAA is a tumor marker used for the diagnosis of what malignancy?
Carcinoid
Tumor marker/s used in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of choriocarcinoma
Beta-HCG
AFP and Beta-HCG are tumor markers used for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of what malignancy
Germ cell tumors
Tumor marker/s used for the prognosis and monitoring of hepatoma
LDH
Placental ALP (Seminoma)
Cytogenetic alterations are used in the diagnosis of what conditions?
Lymphomas
Sarcoma
Tumor marker/s used in the diagnosis and prognosis of lymphomas
LDH
Tyrosinase is used in the diagnosis of what malignancy?
Melanoma
Tumor marker/s used in the diagnosis and prognosis of myeloma
Immunoglobulins
CA 125 roles in ovarian cancer
Monitoring
Diagnosis
Prognosis
PSA roles in prostate malignancy
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Monitoring
Screening
Thyroglobulin is used in ____ of thyroid malignancies
Screening
Monitoring
Tumor marker/s used in screening, prognosis, and monitoring of thyroid malignancies
Calcitonin
Malignancies which uses genetic analysis for detection of tumor markers
Lymphomas
Sarcomas
It uses urine as a tumor marker detection method
Carcinoid
Major marker of bone cancer
ALP
Major marker of breast cancer
CA 15-3
Major maker of carcinoid tumors
Chromogranin A
Major marker of cervical cancer
SCC-A (squamous cell carcinoma)
Major marker of colorectal cancer
CEA
Major marker of gastric carcinoma
CA 72-4
Major marker of HCC
AFP
Major marker of insulinoma
Insulin
Major marker of leukemia
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)
Major marker of lung cancer
Neuron specific enolase (NSE)
Major marker of lymphoma
Beta-2-microglobulin
Major marker of medullary thyroid cancer
Calcitonin
Major marker of multiple myeloma
Immunoglobulin heavy and light chain
Major marker of non-seminomatous testicular tumor
AFP
Major marker of ovarian carcinoma
CA 125
Major marker of pancreatic carcinoma
CA 19-9
Major marker of pheochromocytoma
Metanephrine
Major marker of prostate carcinoma
PSA
Major marker of renal cell carcinoma
None
