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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > TUMOR MARKERS > Flashcards

TUMOR MARKERS Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of cellular adaptation changes is responsible for the decrease in cell size of matured and functional cells?

A

Atrophy

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2
Q

A cell growth progress which an immature cell matures to a specialized and functional cell

A

Differentiation

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3
Q

This is a mass of tissue caused by over proliferation due to excess cell production or halted cell death

A

Tumor

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4
Q

This is a type of tumor that is poorly differentiated and metastasize.

A

Malignant Tumor

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5
Q

True or False: The greater, more aggressive, or rapidly growing the Primary neoplasm, the greater the likelihood that the tumor cells will metastisize.

A

True

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6
Q

This is a form of tumor that is palpable and stationary.

A

Solid Tumor

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7
Q

A form of Tumor that spreads.

A

Diffuse tumor

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8
Q

Malignant tumor dealing with connective tissues and mesenchymal cells

A

Sarcoma

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9
Q

Malignant tumors dealing with epithelial cells

A

Carcinoma

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10
Q

A treatment plan that uses hormones to fight cancer by interfering with the behaviors of the hormones.

A

Hormonal Therapy

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11
Q

This treatment plan uses chemicals to kill cancer cells but also kills healthy cells.

A

Chemotherapy

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12
Q

This apoptosis marker prevents the multiplication of damaged cells.

A

p53

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13
Q

This apoptosis marker prevents and induces apoptosis

A

BCL - 2

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13
Q

This apoptosis marker initiates apoptosis.

A

Fas- Fas ligand/ Fas L/ CD 95 - L/ CD 175

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14
Q

What is an ideal marker?

A

tumor - specific, absent in healthy individual, readily detectable in body fluids

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15
Q

True or False: Cancer biomarkers have high specificity and low sensitivity.

A

False

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16
Q

This is a marker that indicated the presence or absence of cancer.

A

Tumor marker

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17
Q

This is a type of marker that indicates the possibility of a person acquiring cancer.

A

Risk Marker

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18
Q

this type of tumor exhibit high rate of glycolytic activity in the presence of oxygen

A

Malignant tumor

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19
Q

Isoenzyme seen on most cancerst at advance stage

A

LD 4& LD 5

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20
Q

Monoclonal TM: Gastric CA

A

CA72 - 4

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21
Q

CA 125 : Assoc Malignan Disease

A

Ovarian CA

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22
Q

Monoclonal Kit: Pancreatic CA

A

CA 19-9/ 195

23
Q

Non specifit tumor marker that is inexpensive, simple to measure and is used in monitoring therapy to detect the recurrence of tumor

A

LASA - P

24
Q

cell - specific TM for neuroendocrine cell CA

A

Chromogranin A & Neuron specific enolase

25
Q

Hook effect is observed in what assay

A

sandwich - type solid phase immunoassay

26
Q

This happens when the concentration of the tumor marker rises above a certain level which results to falsely low value.

A

Hook Effect

27
Q

most commonly used method to measure TM

A

Immunoassay

28
Q

major fetal serum and carcinoembryonic protein
declines at 7-10 mos
upper normal level = 15ng/mL

A

A1 - fetoprotein (AFP)

29
Q
  • 0C 125 against serous ovarian CA cell line
  • useful for detecting ovarian tumors at an early stage
    upper normal limit 35 U/mL
A

CA 125

30
Q

mucin glycoprotein expressed by various adenocarcinomas

most sensitive and specific marker for monitoring metastatic breast CA

A

CA 15-3

31
Q

molecule carrying this appears as mucin in the sera of patients but as ganglioside in tumor cells
not orgrn specific but has highest sensitivity at pancreatic and gastric CA

A

CA 19-9

32
Q

first carcinoembryonic proteins
most widely used TM for gastrointestinal tumor
nonspecific marker for colorectal CA
high levels of this are associated with malignancy
recommended that level of this marker be monitored every 2-3 months to detect recurrence and determine therapy efficacy

A

CEA

33
Q

constant light chain of HLA expressed on the surface of most ucleated cells
stable in serum but degrades rapidly in urine with <6.0pH
surface of lymphocytes and monocytes
reference - 0.9-2.5 mg/L

A

B2 - Microglobulin

34
Q

localized in mammary and uterine tissue
transcription factors = activate DNA & modulate specific gene expression
breast tumor

A

Estrogen Receptor

35
Q

more sensitive indicator for potential responsiveness to endocrine therapy than ER

A

PR

36
Q

HcG is secreted by which cells of the placenta

A

syncytiotrophoblast cells

37
Q

elevated in urine and serum = pregnancy, lung CA
prognostic indicator = Ovarian CA
diagnostic marker = Testicular CA
Most useful marker for detection of Gestational trophoblastic diseases

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

38
Q

major soluble protein on the chromaffin granule
useful marker of exocytoxic sympathetic activity in patients with pheochromocytoma
released by adrenal medulla

A

Chromogranin A

39
Q

with HVA, are acidic metabolites of catecholamines
patients= neuroblastoma & pheochromocytoma
Diagnosis = pheochromocytoma
Monitoring patients during treatment

A

Vaillymandelic Acid (VMA)

40
Q

together with VMA - detection & monitoring = pheochromocytoma
diagnosis - neuroblastoma (children)

A

Homovallinic Acid (HVA)

41
Q

diagnosis of pheochromocytoma

A

Metanephrine

42
Q

gamma subunit of enolase isozyme in glycolytic pathway
found predominantly in neurons and neuroendocrine cells
- neuroendocrine system ( glucagonomas & insulinomas)
- oat cell, small cell, lung CA

A

neuron-specific enolase

43
Q

kallikrein - like serine prortease produced by cell lining the acini and ducts of prostate gland
major protein in seminal plasma

A

PSA

44
Q

used to facilitate more specific finding to prostate cancer

A

Prostate cancer gene - 3 (PCA - 3)

45
Q

near neutral subtraction of TA -4 tumor antigen

useful = squamous cell CA (head &neck, lung, esophagus, anal canal)

A

Squamous Cell CA Antigens (SCCA)

46
Q

urine of many patients : bladder CA
non cancerous conditions - kidney stones &UTI
along with NMP22 = recurrence of bladder CA

A

Bladder Tumor Antigen

47
Q

ovarian, pancreatic, stomach CA

A

CA 72-4

48
Q

Bone marrow CAs: Multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
- very high IgM

A

Immunoglobulins

49
Q

produced by parafollicular C cells = thyroid
early cancer: medullary thyroid carcinoma (100pg/ml)
elevated but not used to follow these cancer: lung CA, leukemia

A

Calcitonin

50
Q

thyroid CA

A

Thyroglobulin

51
Q

most melanoma cells

metastatic melanoma

A

S-100

52
Q

look for spread of melanoma

colon & breast CA

A

TA-90

53
Q

Metastatic breast carcinoma

A

CA 27-29

54
Q

breast, ovarian, GI Tumors

A

Her-2/NEU

55
Q

head, neck, ovarian, cervical CA

A

epidermal growth factor receptor

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (2 decks)

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