TUMOR MARKERS Flashcards
What type of cellular adaptation changes is responsible for the decrease in cell size of matured and functional cells?
Atrophy
A cell growth progress which an immature cell matures to a specialized and functional cell
Differentiation
This is a mass of tissue caused by over proliferation due to excess cell production or halted cell death
Tumor
This is a type of tumor that is poorly differentiated and metastasize.
Malignant Tumor
True or False: The greater, more aggressive, or rapidly growing the Primary neoplasm, the greater the likelihood that the tumor cells will metastisize.
True
This is a form of tumor that is palpable and stationary.
Solid Tumor
A form of Tumor that spreads.
Diffuse tumor
Malignant tumor dealing with connective tissues and mesenchymal cells
Sarcoma
Malignant tumors dealing with epithelial cells
Carcinoma
A treatment plan that uses hormones to fight cancer by interfering with the behaviors of the hormones.
Hormonal Therapy
This treatment plan uses chemicals to kill cancer cells but also kills healthy cells.
Chemotherapy
This apoptosis marker prevents the multiplication of damaged cells.
p53
This apoptosis marker prevents and induces apoptosis
BCL - 2
This apoptosis marker initiates apoptosis.
Fas- Fas ligand/ Fas L/ CD 95 - L/ CD 175
What is an ideal marker?
tumor - specific, absent in healthy individual, readily detectable in body fluids
True or False: Cancer biomarkers have high specificity and low sensitivity.
False
This is a marker that indicated the presence or absence of cancer.
Tumor marker
This is a type of marker that indicates the possibility of a person acquiring cancer.
Risk Marker
this type of tumor exhibit high rate of glycolytic activity in the presence of oxygen
Malignant tumor
Isoenzyme seen on most cancerst at advance stage
LD 4& LD 5
Monoclonal TM: Gastric CA
CA72 - 4
CA 125 : Assoc Malignan Disease
Ovarian CA
Monoclonal Kit: Pancreatic CA
CA 19-9/ 195
Non specifit tumor marker that is inexpensive, simple to measure and is used in monitoring therapy to detect the recurrence of tumor
LASA - P
cell - specific TM for neuroendocrine cell CA
Chromogranin A & Neuron specific enolase
Hook effect is observed in what assay
sandwich - type solid phase immunoassay
This happens when the concentration of the tumor marker rises above a certain level which results to falsely low value.
Hook Effect
most commonly used method to measure TM
Immunoassay
major fetal serum and carcinoembryonic protein
declines at 7-10 mos
upper normal level = 15ng/mL
A1 - fetoprotein (AFP)
- 0C 125 against serous ovarian CA cell line
- useful for detecting ovarian tumors at an early stage
upper normal limit 35 U/mL
CA 125
mucin glycoprotein expressed by various adenocarcinomas
most sensitive and specific marker for monitoring metastatic breast CA
CA 15-3
molecule carrying this appears as mucin in the sera of patients but as ganglioside in tumor cells
not orgrn specific but has highest sensitivity at pancreatic and gastric CA
CA 19-9
first carcinoembryonic proteins
most widely used TM for gastrointestinal tumor
nonspecific marker for colorectal CA
high levels of this are associated with malignancy
recommended that level of this marker be monitored every 2-3 months to detect recurrence and determine therapy efficacy
CEA
constant light chain of HLA expressed on the surface of most ucleated cells
stable in serum but degrades rapidly in urine with <6.0pH
surface of lymphocytes and monocytes
reference - 0.9-2.5 mg/L
B2 - Microglobulin
localized in mammary and uterine tissue
transcription factors = activate DNA & modulate specific gene expression
breast tumor
Estrogen Receptor
more sensitive indicator for potential responsiveness to endocrine therapy than ER
PR
HcG is secreted by which cells of the placenta
syncytiotrophoblast cells
elevated in urine and serum = pregnancy, lung CA
prognostic indicator = Ovarian CA
diagnostic marker = Testicular CA
Most useful marker for detection of Gestational trophoblastic diseases
Human chorionic gonadotropin
major soluble protein on the chromaffin granule
useful marker of exocytoxic sympathetic activity in patients with pheochromocytoma
released by adrenal medulla
Chromogranin A
with HVA, are acidic metabolites of catecholamines
patients= neuroblastoma & pheochromocytoma
Diagnosis = pheochromocytoma
Monitoring patients during treatment
Vaillymandelic Acid (VMA)
together with VMA - detection & monitoring = pheochromocytoma
diagnosis - neuroblastoma (children)
Homovallinic Acid (HVA)
diagnosis of pheochromocytoma
Metanephrine
gamma subunit of enolase isozyme in glycolytic pathway
found predominantly in neurons and neuroendocrine cells
- neuroendocrine system ( glucagonomas & insulinomas)
- oat cell, small cell, lung CA
neuron-specific enolase
kallikrein - like serine prortease produced by cell lining the acini and ducts of prostate gland
major protein in seminal plasma
PSA
used to facilitate more specific finding to prostate cancer
Prostate cancer gene - 3 (PCA - 3)
near neutral subtraction of TA -4 tumor antigen
useful = squamous cell CA (head &neck, lung, esophagus, anal canal)
Squamous Cell CA Antigens (SCCA)
urine of many patients : bladder CA
non cancerous conditions - kidney stones &UTI
along with NMP22 = recurrence of bladder CA
Bladder Tumor Antigen
ovarian, pancreatic, stomach CA
CA 72-4
Bone marrow CAs: Multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
- very high IgM
Immunoglobulins
produced by parafollicular C cells = thyroid
early cancer: medullary thyroid carcinoma (100pg/ml)
elevated but not used to follow these cancer: lung CA, leukemia
Calcitonin
thyroid CA
Thyroglobulin
most melanoma cells
metastatic melanoma
S-100
look for spread of melanoma
colon & breast CA
TA-90
Metastatic breast carcinoma
CA 27-29
breast, ovarian, GI Tumors
Her-2/NEU
head, neck, ovarian, cervical CA
epidermal growth factor receptor
