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DMIC 5001 - Final > Tumor Immunology > Flashcards

Tumor Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Which genes promote cellular growth?

A

proto-oncogenes

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2
Q

Which genes restrict cellular growth?

A

tumor suppressor genes

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3
Q

What are three mutations related to the molecular basis of cancer?

A

Radiation, Chemicals, Viruses

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4
Q

What step in tumor formation is the cellular exposure to insults causing multiple mutations?

A

Induction

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5
Q

Abnormal Growth

A

Dysplasia

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6
Q

Tumor with uncontrolled growth

A

Neoplasm

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7
Q

A tumor that is incapable of indefinite growth is classified as what?

A

Benign

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8
Q

Synonym for malignant tumor

A

cancer

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9
Q

What classification is a tumor that is poorly differentiated, similar to embryonic tissue, more aggressive with a poorer prognosis?

A

anaplastic

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10
Q

A tumor that is more similar to normal tissue is ________?

A

Well-differentiation

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11
Q

What does “T” represent in TNM classification?

A

Size of primary tumor

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12
Q

What does “N” represent in TNM classification?

A

Involvement of lymph nodes

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13
Q

What are the three phases of cancer?

A

In-situ. Invasion, Dissemination

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14
Q

What cancer phase has neoplastic cells confined to the tissue of origin?

A

In-Situ Phase

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15
Q

What cancer phase has cells that are malignant and aggressive?

A

Invasion Phase

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16
Q

What cancer phase has cells traveling throughout the body?

A

Dissemination Phase

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17
Q

Which routes are most common for cancer cells during metastasis?

A

Blood and Lymphatics

18
Q

What are three etiologic agents for cancer?

A

chemically induced, virus induced, UV induced

19
Q

True/False? Tumors induced by the same virus express the same tumor antigen?

A

True

20
Q

Why is it difficult to develop a vaccine for chemically induced tumors?

A

Unique Expression of Antigens

21
Q

What type of cancer is related to UV induced tumors?

A

melanomas

22
Q

What are three types of cancer based on the tissue affected?

A

carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemias and lymphomas

23
Q

What theory hypothesizes that cancerous cells arise regularly but the body eliminates them before they become harmful to surrounding tissue?

A

Immuno-surveillance

24
Q

Immunosurveillance could be a component of ___________?

A

Immunoediting

25
Q

What are the three “E’s” of Immunoediting?

A

Elimination, Equilibrium, Escape

26
Q

What are three ways a tumor can escape immune surveillance?

A

1) Generation of regulatory cells
2) Secretion of immunosuppressive molecules
3) Failure to process and present tumor antigens

27
Q

What happens if you lack Signal 2 from the two signal mechanism for T-cell activation?

A

Anergy (lack of reaction by the body’s defense mechanisms to foreign substances) or Apoptosis

28
Q

What happens when a tumor cell expresses Fas Ligand?

A

They can kill Fas+Tcells and escape immune destruction

29
Q

What are two antigens expressed on tumor cells?

A

Tumor Specific Antigen (TSA)

Tumor Associated Antigen (TAA)

30
Q

Which is unique to a tumor only and which is shared by tumors and normal cells? TSA, TAA

A

TSA - tumor only

TAA - both

31
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and Carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA) are Tumor-Associated _________ Ags. Both can reappear in adult life and cause cancer.

A

Develomental

32
Q

AFP is associated with _______ cancer.

A

Liver

33
Q

CEA is associated with __________ cancer.

A

Colorectal (fetal gut)

34
Q

What form of treatment is used for localized tumors?

A

Surgery

35
Q

What types of treatment are used for metastatic tumors?

A

Radiation and Chemotherapy

36
Q

What are two types of Active immunizations, specifically viral?

A

Hep B and HPV

37
Q

What is an example of a non-specific Active Immunization?

A

BCG - melanoma, bladder carcinoma

38
Q

What are two types of specific passive immunization?

A

Abs against HER2 (Breast Cancer)

Abs against IL-2R (Adult cell leukemia)

39
Q

When would you use an unlabelled monoclonal Ab that is Anti-CD20?

A

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

40
Q

What can Anti-tumor Abs be coupled with to improve effectiveness?

A

toxins, radioisotopes, drugs, enzymes

41
Q

What are two examples of adoptive Immunotherapy?

A
  1. Lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK) blood

2. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) solid tumors

42
Q

What type of cells are highly potent antigen processing and presenting cells which prime an immune response and pulse with tumor antigens or gene transfer?

A

Dendritic Cells

DMIC 5001 - Final (2 decks)

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