Tumor Features Flashcards
describe local effects of benign and malignant tumors
- submucosal leiomyoma –> bleeding
- tumor (benign of malignant in gut) –> bowel obstruction
- pituitary adenoma –> destruction of the remaining gland
- gastrointestinal tumors/urogenital tumors –> bleeding
- ovarian tumors –> torsion
describe the hormonal effects of benign of malignant tumors
- B cell adenoma in pancreas –> insulin production –> hypoglycemia
- adrenal cortex adenoma –> steroid production –> secondary effects
- neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumor –> hormones –> carcinoid syndrome
describe cancer cachexia and name the factors producing cachexia
progressive loss of fat and lean body mass with weakness, anorexia, anemia. Cachexia is NOT due to nutritional demand by tumor
- factors producing cachexia:
- reduced food intake
- reduced synthesis and storage of fat, increased mobilization of FAs from adipocytes
- TNF-a
describe paraneoplastic syndrome
symptom complex in patients with cancer that cannot be readily explained, either by local or distant spread of the tumor or by the elaboration of the hormones indigenous to the tissue of origin
_____ is the gold standard of cancer diagnosis
microscopic tissue examination is the gold standard of cancer diagnosis
describe the steps in routine tissue processing
- formalin fixation
- dehydration in graded alcohol
- xylene
- paraffin embedding
- sections cut and stained with H&E
describe the purpose of immunocytochemistry
- detects nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins with aid of specific antibody
- used in tumor diagnosis to detect cell of origin
describe the frozen section method
describe fine needle aspiration method
describe cytologic methods
describe the flow cytometry method
describe immunocytochemistry method
list the common immunohstochemical stains
- epithelium = keratin
- mesenchyme = vimentin
- muscle = desmin
- prostatic epithelium = PSA
- thyroid follicular cells = thyroglobulin
- neuroendocrine cells = chromogranin
- melanoma = S100/HMB45/Melan A
which cancer is PSA a marker for?
prostatic adenocarcinoma
which cancers is CEA a tumor marker for?
- colonic adenocarcinoma
- pancreatic adenocarcinoma
- breast adenocarcinoma
- gastric adenocarcinoma
what cancer is AFP a tumor marker for?
hepatocellular carcinoma
one probable factor for higher incidence of colorectal cancer in US is ____
one probable factor for higher incidence of colorectal cancer in US is high fat content of diet
____ has a protective effect against UV light and skin cancer
skin pigmentation has a protective effect against UV light and skin cancer
____ infection can lead to Burkitt’s Lymphoma
Epstein-Barr virus infection can lead to Burkitt’s Lymphoma
peak age of cancer is ____ years
list 2 possible factors for this
peak age of cancer is 55-75 years
- accentuated somatic mutations
- decline in immune competence
___, ___ and ___ are common childhood cancers
neuroblastomas, Wilms tumor and retinoblastoma are common childhood cancers
describe inhereited cancer syndrome (AD)
- multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1, RET)
- Li-Fraumeni sydrome (P53)
- familial adenomatous polyposis (APC)
describe syndromes of defective DNA repair
- AD:
- hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer
- MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2
- hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer
- AR:
- xeroderma pigmentosa –> sq. cell cancer
- ataxia telengiectasia –> lymphoma, ALL
- Fanconi’s anemia –> AML
describe acquired preneoplastic conditions
- cirrhosis of liver –> HCC
- ulcerative colitis –> colonic adenocarcinoma
