Tumor Associations Flashcards
1
Q
Cytokeratin stain
A
Epithelium- carcinomas, some sarcomas
2
Q
Desmin stain
A
Muscle- Leiomyosarcoma and Rhabdomyosarcoma
3
Q
Vimentin stain
A
Connective tissue- Sarcomas, some carcinomas
4
Q
GFAP stain
A
NeuroGlia
5
Q
Neurofilament stain
A
Neurons- Neuroblastoma, primitiv neuroectodermal tumor
6
Q
Carcinoma v. Sarcoma
A
Carcinoma = epithelial origin; LN spread Sarcoma = mesenchymal origin; hematogenous spread
7
Q
Down syndrome neoplasms
A
ALL, AML
8
Q
XP and albinism neoplasms
A
Melanoma, BCC, SCC of skin
9
Q
Neoplasms association with chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants
A
Gastric adenocarcinoma
10
Q
Tuberous sclerosis neoplasms
A
Giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma
11
Q
Actinic keratosis neoplasms
A
SCC of skin (prevent with 5-FU)
12
Q
Barrett’s esophagus neoplasms
A
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
13
Q
Plummer-Vinson syndrome neoplasms
A
SCC of esophagus
14
Q
Cirrhosis (alcoholic, HBV, HCV) neoplasms
A
HCC
15
Q
Ulcerative colitis neoplasms
A
Colonic adenocarcinoma
16
Q
Paget’s disease of bone neoplasms
A
Secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
17
Q
Immunodeficiency neoplasms
A
Malignant lymphomas
18
Q
AIDS neoplasms
A
Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin’s) and Kaposi’s sarcoma
19
Q
Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis) neoplasms
A
Lymphoma (marginal zone)
*Marginal zone lymphoma is associated with chronic inflammatory states: Sjogren’s, Hashimoto’s, H.pylori gastritis
20
Q
Acanthosis nigricans neoplasms
A
Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, uterus)
21
Q
Dysplastic nevus neoplasms
A
Malignant melanoma
22
Q
Radiation exposure neoplasms
A
Leukemia, sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer, breast cancer
23
Q
Achalasia neoplasms
A
SCC of esophagus
24
Q
Sjogren’s syndrome
A
B-cell lymphoma; marginal zone lymphoma (parotid?)
25
Ataxia telangiectasia neoplasms
Lymphomas and acute leukemias
26
Squamous cell carcinomas of the skin - associated precursor conditions
XP, Albinism, Actinic keratosis
27
Malignant melanoma - associated precursor conditions
XP, Albinism, Dysplastic nevus
28
Lymphomas - associated precursor conditions
Immunodeficiency states (malignant lymphomas); AIDS (aggressive malignant lymphomas-NHL); autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto's, MG); Sjogren's (B-cell lymphoma); Ataxia telangiectasia; HTLV-1 (adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma); EBV; HHV-8 (body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma); H. pylori (gastric lymphoma-MALToma?)
29
Leukemias - associated precursor conditions
Down syndrome (ALL, AML); Radiation exposure; Ataxia telangiectasia; HTLV-1 (adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma)
30
Esophageal cancers
Esophageal adenocarcinoma- Barrett's esophagus (chronic GERD)
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma- Plummer-Vinson syndrome, Achalasia
*Nitrosamines from smoked foods
31
abl
tyrosine kinase -> oncogene -> CML t(9;22)
* Increased WBCs, Platelets; decreased RBCs
* Tx: Imatinib (tyr kinase inhibitor) and Busulfan (DNA alkylator)
32
c-myc
transcription factor -> oncogene -> Burkitt's lymphoma t(8;14)
* Starry sky- sheets of lymphocytes with interspersed macs
* Associated with EBV: Jaw in African, Pelvis/Abdomen in sporadic form
33
bcl-2
anti-apoptotic molecule -> oncogene -> Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas t(14;18)
*Indolent course, difficult to cure, can progress to DLBL
34
HER2/neu (c-erbB2)
tyrosine kinase -> oncogene -> breast, ovarian, gastric carcinomas
*Tx: trastuzumab
35
ras
GTPase -> oncogene -> tumors
* K-RAS -> Kolon, panKreatic, lung cancers
* H-RAS -> bladder and kidney cancers (Hematuria)
* N-RAS -> melanomas, hematologic melignancies
* follicular thyroid carcinoma
* (B-raf is a tumor suppressor gene that, when lost -> melanoma)
36
L-myc
Transcription factor -> oncogene -> Lung tumor (small cell)
37
N-myc
Transcription factor -> oncogene -> Neuroblastoma (adrenal)
| *Homer-Wright Pseudorosettes
38
ret
Tyrosine kinase -> oncogene -> MEN 2A, 2B, and medullary/papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
39
c-kit
Cytokine receptor -> oncogene -> GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor)
40
Rb
tumor suppressor gene that inhibits E2F, blocking G1-S phase -> lose both -> Retinoblastoma (white reflex; inherited or sporadic); Osteosarcoma
41
p53
tumor suppressor gene that acts through p21 to block G1-S and G2-M -> lose both -> most human cancers, LiFraumeni syndrome
42
BRCA1 and BRCA2
tumor suppressor gene that repairs DNA -> lose both -> breast and ovarian cancer
43
p16
tumor suppressor gene -> lose both -> melanoma
44
BRAF
B-raf tumor suppressor -> lose both-> melanoma
| *BRAF is tumor suppressor; RAS's are protooncogenes
45
APC
tumor suppressor gene -> FAP (colorectal cancer), Gardner's (colorectal + osteoma/lypomas), Turcot's (colorectal + CNS?)
46
WT1
tumor suppressor gene -> Wilms' Tumor (nephroblastoma)
47
NF1
RAS GTPase activating protein (RAS-GAP) tumor suppressor -> NF-1
48
NF2
Merlin (schwannomin) protein tumor suppressor -> NF-2 (bilateral acoustic schwannoma)
49
DPC4
tumor suppressor: Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer
50
DCC
tumor suppressor: Deleted in Colon Cancer
51
PSA marker
Nonspecific for BPH, prostatitis, prostate carcinoma
52
Prostatic acid phosphatase
Prostate carcinoma
53
CEA
CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen: nonspecific for colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, breast, medullary thyroid carcinomas
54
alpha-fetoprotein
HCC, nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (testis, over), yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
55
beta-hCG
hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinoma
56
CA-125
ovarian cancer, peritoneal irritation
57
S-100
melanoma, neural tumors, schwannomas, astrocytomas (NF?)
58
Alkaline phosphatase
metastases to bone, liver, Paget's disease of bone, biliary cancer
59
Bombesin
Neuroblastoma (adrenal), lung, gastric cancer
60
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
TRAP: Hairy cell leukemia (B-cell neoplasm)
61
CA-19-9
pancreatic adenocarcinoma
62
Calcitonin
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
63
HCC marker
AFP
64
Ovarian cancer marker
CA-125
65
Pancreatic cell marker
CA-19-9, CEA
66
Melanoma marker
S-100
67
Colon cancer marker
CEA
68
Astrocytoma marker
S-100
69
HTLV-1 neoplasms
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
70
HBV, HCV
HCC (HCV can also cause papillary thyroid carcinoma)
71
EBV
Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodkin's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CNS lymphoma (immunocompreomised patients), oral hairy leukoplakia
72
HPV
(16, 18): Cervical carcinoma, penile/anal carcinoma, upper respiratory SCC, vulval carcinoma
73
HHV-8
Kaposi's sarcoma, body cavity-fluid B-cell lymphoma
74
H. pylori
Gastric adenocarcinoma, MALToma
75
Schistosoma haematobium
Bladder cancer (squamous cell)
76
Liver fluke
Chlonorchis sinensis: Cholangiocarcinoma (biliary)
77
S. bovis
bacterial endocarditis -> check for colon cancer
78
Aflatoxins cause what neoplasms?
Aspergillus -> aflatoxins -> HCC
79
Vinyl chloride cause what neoplasms?
Angiosarcoma (liver)
80
Carbon tetracholide cause what neoplasms?
Liver: centrilobular necrosis, fatty change
81
Arsenic cause what neoplasms?
SCC of skin, angiocarcinoma of liver
82
What toxins can cause angiocarcinoma of the liver?
Vinyl chloride, Arsenic
83
Nitrosamines cause what neoplasms?
From smoked foods -> gastic and esophageal cancer
84
Smoking causes what neoplasms?
SCC of larynx/lung, Small cell carcinoma of lung, RCC, Bladder transitional cell carcinoma, Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
85
Asbestos cause what neoplasms?
Bronchogenic carcinoma > mesothelioma
86
Naphthalene (aniline) dyes cause what neoplasms?
From mothballs -> Bladder transitional cell carcinoma
87
Alkylating agents cause what neoplasms?
Leukemia
88
Radon cause what neoplasms?
From basements, coal mines -> Lung cancer
89
ACTH paraneoplastic syndrome
Small cell lung carcinoma -> Cushing's
90
SIADH paraneoplastic syndrome
Small cell lung carcinoma or any CNS lesion -> concentrated urine, low serum osmolality, hyponatremia
91
Hypercalcemia paraneoplastic syndrome
* PTHrP (Squamous cell carcinoma of lung, RCC, breast cancer, MM)
* Calcitriol- 1,25VitD (Hodgkin's lymphoma, NHL)
92
Polycythemia paraneoplastic syndrome
Erythropoietin from RCC, Hemangioblastoma, HCC, Pheochromocytoma
93
Muscle weakness that improves with use, a paraneoplastic syndrome
Lambort-Eaton syndrome (ab against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at NMH) from Small cell lung carcinoma or thymoma?
94
Psamomma bodies
PSaMMoma:
Papillary (thyroid adenocarcinoma), Serous (serous cystadenocarcinoma of ovary), Meningioma, Mesothelioma
*Laminated concentric calcific spherules, like rings on a tree
95
Cancer epidemiology incidence
1. Prostate/Breast
2. Lung
3. Colorectal
(4. Uterine, 5. Ovarian in women)
96
Cancer epidemiology death
1. Lung
2. Prostate/Breast
3. Colorectal
4. Pancreatic
97
Death epidemiology in adults
1. Heart disease
2. Cancer
3. Stroke
98
Brain cancer
Most often metastasis (multiple, well-circumscribed tumors at grey/white junction):
Lung > breast > GU > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI (LBG OMG)
99
Liver cancer
Colon >> stomach > pancreas
100
Where does cancer usually spread?
LN > lung and liver
101
Bone cancer
```
Much more often is metastasis (predilection for axial skeleton):
Prostate/Breast > Lung > Thyroid, Testes
*Lytic = lung
*Blastic = prostate
*Lytic & Blastic = breast
```
102
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Aggressive NHL, may be T cell in origin
103
cyclin D1
t(11;14) -> cyclin D1-Ig heavy chain -> G1-S progression -> CD5+ Mantle cell lymphoma
*poor prognosis
