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Neoplasia > Tumor Associations > Flashcards

Tumor Associations Flashcards

1
Q

Cytokeratin stain

A

Epithelium- carcinomas, some sarcomas

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2
Q

Desmin stain

A

Muscle- Leiomyosarcoma and Rhabdomyosarcoma

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3
Q

Vimentin stain

A

Connective tissue- Sarcomas, some carcinomas

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4
Q

GFAP stain

A

NeuroGlia

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5
Q

Neurofilament stain

A

Neurons- Neuroblastoma, primitiv neuroectodermal tumor

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6
Q

Carcinoma v. Sarcoma

A 
Carcinoma = epithelial origin; LN spread
Sarcoma = mesenchymal origin; hematogenous spread
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7
Q

Down syndrome neoplasms

A

ALL, AML

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8
Q

XP and albinism neoplasms

A

Melanoma, BCC, SCC of skin

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9
Q

Neoplasms association with chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

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10
Q

Tuberous sclerosis neoplasms

A

Giant cell astrocytoma, renal angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma

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11
Q

Actinic keratosis neoplasms

A

SCC of skin (prevent with 5-FU)

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12
Q

Barrett’s esophagus neoplasms

A

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

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13
Q

Plummer-Vinson syndrome neoplasms

A

SCC of esophagus

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14
Q

Cirrhosis (alcoholic, HBV, HCV) neoplasms

A

HCC

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15
Q

Ulcerative colitis neoplasms

A

Colonic adenocarcinoma

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16
Q

Paget’s disease of bone neoplasms

A

Secondary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma

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17
Q

Immunodeficiency neoplasms

A

Malignant lymphomas

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18
Q

AIDS neoplasms

A

Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin’s) and Kaposi’s sarcoma

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19
Q

Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis) neoplasms

A

Lymphoma (marginal zone)

*Marginal zone lymphoma is associated with chronic inflammatory states: Sjogren’s, Hashimoto’s, H.pylori gastritis

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20
Q

Acanthosis nigricans neoplasms

A

Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, uterus)

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21
Q

Dysplastic nevus neoplasms

A

Malignant melanoma

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22
Q

Radiation exposure neoplasms

A

Leukemia, sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer, breast cancer

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23
Q

Achalasia neoplasms

A

SCC of esophagus

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24
Q

Sjogren’s syndrome

A

B-cell lymphoma; marginal zone lymphoma (parotid?)

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25
Q

Ataxia telangiectasia neoplasms

A

Lymphomas and acute leukemias

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26
Q

Squamous cell carcinomas of the skin - associated precursor conditions

A

XP, Albinism, Actinic keratosis

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27
Q

Malignant melanoma - associated precursor conditions

A

XP, Albinism, Dysplastic nevus

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28
Q

Lymphomas - associated precursor conditions

A

Immunodeficiency states (malignant lymphomas); AIDS (aggressive malignant lymphomas-NHL); autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto’s, MG); Sjogren’s (B-cell lymphoma); Ataxia telangiectasia; HTLV-1 (adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma); EBV; HHV-8 (body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma); H. pylori (gastric lymphoma-MALToma?)

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29
Q

Leukemias - associated precursor conditions

A

Down syndrome (ALL, AML); Radiation exposure; Ataxia telangiectasia; HTLV-1 (adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma)

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30
Q

Esophageal cancers

A

Esophageal adenocarcinoma- Barrett’s esophagus (chronic GERD)
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma- Plummer-Vinson syndrome, Achalasia
*Nitrosamines from smoked foods

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31
Q

abl

A

tyrosine kinase -> oncogene -> CML t(9;22)

  • Increased WBCs, Platelets; decreased RBCs
  • Tx: Imatinib (tyr kinase inhibitor) and Busulfan (DNA alkylator)
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32
Q

c-myc

A

transcription factor -> oncogene -> Burkitt’s lymphoma t(8;14)

  • Starry sky- sheets of lymphocytes with interspersed macs
  • Associated with EBV: Jaw in African, Pelvis/Abdomen in sporadic form
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33
Q

bcl-2

A

anti-apoptotic molecule -> oncogene -> Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas t(14;18)
*Indolent course, difficult to cure, can progress to DLBL

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34
Q

HER2/neu (c-erbB2)

A

tyrosine kinase -> oncogene -> breast, ovarian, gastric carcinomas
*Tx: trastuzumab

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35
Q

ras

A

GTPase -> oncogene -> tumors

  • K-RAS -> Kolon, panKreatic, lung cancers
  • H-RAS -> bladder and kidney cancers (Hematuria)
  • N-RAS -> melanomas, hematologic melignancies
  • follicular thyroid carcinoma
  • (B-raf is a tumor suppressor gene that, when lost -> melanoma)
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36
Q

L-myc

A

Transcription factor -> oncogene -> Lung tumor (small cell)

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37
Q

N-myc

A

Transcription factor -> oncogene -> Neuroblastoma (adrenal)

*Homer-Wright Pseudorosettes

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38
Q

ret

A

Tyrosine kinase -> oncogene -> MEN 2A, 2B, and medullary/papillary carcinoma of the thyroid

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39
Q

c-kit

A

Cytokine receptor -> oncogene -> GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor)

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40
Q

Rb

A

tumor suppressor gene that inhibits E2F, blocking G1-S phase -> lose both -> Retinoblastoma (white reflex; inherited or sporadic); Osteosarcoma

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41
Q

p53

A

tumor suppressor gene that acts through p21 to block G1-S and G2-M -> lose both -> most human cancers, LiFraumeni syndrome

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42
Q

BRCA1 and BRCA2

A

tumor suppressor gene that repairs DNA -> lose both -> breast and ovarian cancer

43
Q

p16

A

tumor suppressor gene -> lose both -> melanoma

44
Q

BRAF

A

B-raf tumor suppressor -> lose both-> melanoma

*BRAF is tumor suppressor; RAS’s are protooncogenes

45
Q

APC

A

tumor suppressor gene -> FAP (colorectal cancer), Gardner’s (colorectal + osteoma/lypomas), Turcot’s (colorectal + CNS?)

46
Q

WT1

A

tumor suppressor gene -> Wilms’ Tumor (nephroblastoma)

47
Q

NF1

A

RAS GTPase activating protein (RAS-GAP) tumor suppressor -> NF-1

48
Q

NF2

A

Merlin (schwannomin) protein tumor suppressor -> NF-2 (bilateral acoustic schwannoma)

49
Q

DPC4

A

tumor suppressor: Deleted in Pancreatic Cancer

50
Q

DCC

A

tumor suppressor: Deleted in Colon Cancer

51
Q

PSA marker

A

Nonspecific for BPH, prostatitis, prostate carcinoma

52
Q

Prostatic acid phosphatase

A

Prostate carcinoma

53
Q

CEA

A

CarcinoEmbryonic Antigen: nonspecific for colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, breast, medullary thyroid carcinomas

54
Q

alpha-fetoprotein

A

HCC, nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (testis, over), yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor

55
Q

beta-hCG

A

hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinoma

56
Q

CA-125

A

ovarian cancer, peritoneal irritation

57
Q

S-100

A

melanoma, neural tumors, schwannomas, astrocytomas (NF?)

58
Q

Alkaline phosphatase

A

metastases to bone, liver, Paget’s disease of bone, biliary cancer

59
Q

Bombesin

A

Neuroblastoma (adrenal), lung, gastric cancer

60
Q

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase

A

TRAP: Hairy cell leukemia (B-cell neoplasm)

61
Q

CA-19-9

A

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

62
Q

Calcitonin

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

63
Q

HCC marker

A

AFP

64
Q

Ovarian cancer marker

A

CA-125

65
Q

Pancreatic cell marker

A

CA-19-9, CEA

66
Q

Melanoma marker

A

S-100

67
Q

Colon cancer marker

A

CEA

68
Q

Astrocytoma marker

A

S-100

69
Q

HTLV-1 neoplasms

A

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

70
Q

HBV, HCV

A

HCC (HCV can also cause papillary thyroid carcinoma)

71
Q

EBV

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, CNS lymphoma (immunocompreomised patients), oral hairy leukoplakia

72
Q

HPV

A

(16, 18): Cervical carcinoma, penile/anal carcinoma, upper respiratory SCC, vulval carcinoma

73
Q

HHV-8

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma, body cavity-fluid B-cell lymphoma

74
Q

H. pylori

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma, MALToma

75
Q

Schistosoma haematobium

A

Bladder cancer (squamous cell)

76
Q

Liver fluke

A

Chlonorchis sinensis: Cholangiocarcinoma (biliary)

77
Q

S. bovis

A

bacterial endocarditis -> check for colon cancer

78
Q

Aflatoxins cause what neoplasms?

A

Aspergillus -> aflatoxins -> HCC

79
Q

Vinyl chloride cause what neoplasms?

A

Angiosarcoma (liver)

80
Q

Carbon tetracholide cause what neoplasms?

A

Liver: centrilobular necrosis, fatty change

81
Q

Arsenic cause what neoplasms?

A

SCC of skin, angiocarcinoma of liver

82
Q

What toxins can cause angiocarcinoma of the liver?

A

Vinyl chloride, Arsenic

83
Q

Nitrosamines cause what neoplasms?

A

From smoked foods -> gastic and esophageal cancer

84
Q

Smoking causes what neoplasms?

A

SCC of larynx/lung, Small cell carcinoma of lung, RCC, Bladder transitional cell carcinoma, Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

85
Q

Asbestos cause what neoplasms?

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma > mesothelioma

86
Q

Naphthalene (aniline) dyes cause what neoplasms?

A

From mothballs -> Bladder transitional cell carcinoma

87
Q

Alkylating agents cause what neoplasms?

A

Leukemia

88
Q

Radon cause what neoplasms?

A

From basements, coal mines -> Lung cancer

89
Q

ACTH paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Small cell lung carcinoma -> Cushing’s

90
Q

SIADH paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Small cell lung carcinoma or any CNS lesion -> concentrated urine, low serum osmolality, hyponatremia

91
Q

Hypercalcemia paraneoplastic syndrome

A
  • PTHrP (Squamous cell carcinoma of lung, RCC, breast cancer, MM)
  • Calcitriol- 1,25VitD (Hodgkin’s lymphoma, NHL)
92
Q

Polycythemia paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Erythropoietin from RCC, Hemangioblastoma, HCC, Pheochromocytoma

93
Q

Muscle weakness that improves with use, a paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Lambort-Eaton syndrome (ab against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at NMH) from Small cell lung carcinoma or thymoma?

94
Q

Psamomma bodies

A

PSaMMoma:
Papillary (thyroid adenocarcinoma), Serous (serous cystadenocarcinoma of ovary), Meningioma, Mesothelioma
*Laminated concentric calcific spherules, like rings on a tree

95
Q

Cancer epidemiology incidence

A
  1. Prostate/Breast
  2. Lung
  3. Colorectal
    (4. Uterine, 5. Ovarian in women)
96
Q

Cancer epidemiology death

A
  1. Lung
  2. Prostate/Breast
  3. Colorectal
  4. Pancreatic
97
Q

Death epidemiology in adults

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Cancer
  3. Stroke
98
Q

Brain cancer

A

Most often metastasis (multiple, well-circumscribed tumors at grey/white junction):
Lung > breast > GU > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI (LBG OMG)

99
Q

Liver cancer

A

Colon&raquo_space; stomach > pancreas

100
Q

Where does cancer usually spread?

A

LN > lung and liver

101
Q

Bone cancer

A 
Much more often is metastasis (predilection for axial skeleton):
Prostate/Breast > Lung > Thyroid, Testes
*Lytic = lung   
*Blastic = prostate
*Lytic & Blastic = breast
102
Q

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

A

Aggressive NHL, may be T cell in origin

103
Q

cyclin D1

A

t(11;14) -> cyclin D1-Ig heavy chain -> G1-S progression -> CD5+ Mantle cell lymphoma
*poor prognosis

Neoplasia (1 decks)

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