Tulane (HIGH YIELD) Flashcards
Carcinoid syndrome symptoms
Flushing, diarrhea
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome pathophys, clinical signs, and associated disease(s)
Gastrinoma causes parietal cell hyperplasia, leading to incr. H+ secretion, multiple ulcers; gastrinemia and positive secretin test; MEN 1
Describe the effects of acute + chronic pancreatitis on islets of Langerhans
Usually spared in both
“Napkin ring” lesions are most likely to be found where?
Left colon
Genes/mutations associated with Lynch syndrome, and their effect(s)
MMR genes: MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, PMS2 (last two less important/lower penetrance) lead to microsatellite instability
Which cells are most important for liver fibrosis?
Stellate cells (aka Ito cells)
Incr. AMA (anti-mitochondrial antibody) is diagnostic for what disease?
Primary Biliary Cholangitis
“If any lesions stand out in a background of cirrhosis”
Think Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
Tissue marker of HCC
GP3 (Glypican 3)
PE hallmark of alcoholic cirrhosis
Tender hepatomegaly (obviously jaundice too)
What type of pathogen will not cause abscesses?
Viruses
“Birds beak sign” on Barium swallow esophagram
Achalasia
Noteworthy symptom of trichuris trichura infection?
Rectal prolapse
International travel to/from what country is associated with liver flukes (schistosomiasis)?
Egypt
“If a patient presents with unexplained microcytic anemia…”
They have cancer until proven otherwise
Pyloric stenosis hallmark symptom
Non-bilious projectile vomiting
2 important substances absorbed in terminal ileum
Bile salts and vitamin B12
Number 1 risk factor for pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Smoking
Stereotypical gallstone patient
4 F’s: Fat, Female, Forties, Fertile
Gross appearance of alcoholic cirrhosis
Micronodular
“Anchovy paste” liver abscess
Entamoeba histiolytica
Causes of ischemic bowel disease
Occlusive (3) & NOMI:
- Arterial emboli: acute (e.g. A fib stopped taking meds)
- Venous thrombus: chronic; think hypercoaguable state (e.g. cancer), portal HTN (causes portal stasis), DVT (systemic stasis)
- Atherosclerosis (think smokers)
- NOMI: non-occlusive; d/t renal insufficiency, dialysis, hypotension, sepsis
Norovirus seasonality?
Winter (“winter vomiting virus”)
Rotavirus stereotypical patient
Children < 2 y/o
A/B cholera toxin mechanism of action
Attaches to GM1 ganglioside receptor, moves to ER where A1 subunit dissociates, ADP-phosphorylates Gsa protein, thusly activating adenylate cyclase (AC), leading to incr. cAMP, incr. PKA, and ultimately phosphorylation of CFTR, causing Cl- ions to be lost into the lumen
Fasciola hepatica buzzwords
Think sheep, think watercress
Embryonic origin of Meckel’s diverticulum
Vitelline duct
