Tugee Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two main components of the respiratory system?
A
Upper and lower respiratory system
2
Q
What is the main function of the upper respiratory tract?
A
Protect respiratory system from infection and foreign body inhalation
3
Q
What are the four types of sinuses?
A
- Maxillary
- Ethmoid
- Frontal
- Sphenoid
4
Q
What structure connects the oral and nasal cavities to the larynx?
A
Pharynx
5
Q
What are the three divisions of the pharynx?
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
6
Q
What is the role of the larynx in the respiratory system?
A
Voice production, protection of lower respiratory tract, passage and humidification of air
7
Q
What is the trachea commonly known as?
A
Windpipe
8
Q
What maintains the patency of the trachea?
A
C-shaped rings of cartilage
9
Q
What are the primary functions of the lungs?
A
- Gas exchange
- Oxygen transport
10
Q
What structures are included in the interior of the lungs?
A
- Bronchi
- Alveoli
- Connective tissue
- Blood vessels
- Lymph vessels
- Nerves
11
Q
What is the primary function of alveoli?
A
Gas exchange
12
Q
What are the three types of cells found in alveoli?
A
- Epithelial
- Macrophage
- Surfactant
13
Q
What is the role of bronchi and bronchioles in the respiratory system?
A
Gaseous exchange and passage of air to and from alveoli
14
Q
What is the term for the movement of air in and out of the airways?
A
Ventilation
15
Q
What muscles are primarily involved in normal quiet breathing?
A
- Intercostal muscles
- Diaphragm
16
Q
What happens during inspiration?
A
Thoracic cavity expands, lowering pressure and drawing air into lungs
17
Q
What occurs during expiration?
A
Relaxation of intercostal muscles and diaphragm, causing air to be expelled
18
Q
What mechanism allows for gas exchange in the lungs?
A
Diffusion across alveolar and capillary membranes
19
Q
What does compliance refer to in the context of respiration?
A
The effort required to inflate the alveoli
20
Q
Where is the respiratory center located?
A
Brain stem in medulla oblongata and pons
21
Q
What are chemoreceptors?
A
Receptors that respond to changes in partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
22
Q
What are pulmonary function tests used for?
A
Assess respiratory function and determine the extent of dysfunction
23
Q
What do arterial blood gas measurements indicate?
A
Degree of oxygenation and adequacy of alveolar ventilation
24
Q
What is the normal range for SpO2 values?
A
95% to 100%
25
What does sputum production indicate?
Reaction of lungs to recurring irritant
26
What is dyspnea?
Difficult or labored breathing
27
What can a cough indicate?
Serious pulmonary disease
28
What is the clinical significance of chest pain in respiratory conditions?
May indicate pneumonia or other pulmonary issues
29
What is orthopnea?
Difficulty breathing when lying flat, often seen in heart disease
30
What does a profuse amount of purulent sputum indicate?
Bacterial infection
31
What does foul-smelling sputum indicate?
Lung abscess, bronchiectasis
## Footnote
Foul-smelling sputum can be a sign of serious lung infections.
32
What are the characteristics of chest pain associated with pulmonary conditions?
Sharp, stabbing, intermittent or dull, aching, persistent
## Footnote
Pain is usually felt on the side where the pathologic process is located.
33
What conditions can chest pain occur with?
* Pneumonia
* Pulmonary embolism
* Pleurisy
* Late symptom of bronchogenic carcinoma
34
What is wheezing and when is it typically heard?
A high-pitched, musical sound heard mainly on expiration
## Footnote
Often the major finding in bronchoconstriction or airway narrowing.
35
What does clubbing of the fingers indicate?
Lung disease, chronic hypoxic conditions, chronic lung infections, malignancies
## Footnote
Initially manifests as loss of the nailbed angle.
36
Define hemoptysis.
Expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract.
37
What are the most common causes of hemoptysis?
* Pulmonary infection
* Carcinoma of the lung
* Abnormalities of the heart or blood vessels
* Pulmonary artery or vein abnormalities
* Pulmonary emboli
* Chest trauma
38
What is cyanosis a late indicator of?
Hypoxia
## Footnote
Appears when there is 5 g/dL of unoxygenated hemoglobin.
39
What is the difference between central and peripheral cyanosis?
* Central cyanosis: assessed by observing the color of the tongue and lips
* Peripheral cyanosis: results from decreased blood flow to a certain area
40
What is acute bronchitis?
Acute inflammation of the mucous membranes of the trachea and bronchial tree.
41
What characterizes chronic bronchitis?
Cough with sputum for 3 months in 2 successive years
## Footnote
It is a progressive inflammatory disease.
42
What are the predisposing factors for acute bronchitis?
* Inhalation of irritants
* Smoking
* Viral and bacterial infections
43
What are the signs and symptoms of acute bronchitis?
* Dry, irritating cough
* Scanty mucoid sputum
* Sternal soreness
* Fever or chills
* Night sweats
* Headache
* General malaise
44
What is the medical management for bronchitis?
* Antibiotics (if indicated)
* Expectorants
* Mucolytics
* Bronchodilators
* Increased fluid intake
45
What are the two types of pneumonia?
* Lobar pneumonia
* Bronchopneumonia
46
What causes pneumonia?
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi).
47
What is community-acquired pneumonia?
Occurs in the community setting or within the first 48 hours of hospitalization.
48
What is hospital-acquired pneumonia?
Onset of pneumonia symptoms more than 48 hours after admission to the hospital.
49
What microorganisms are responsible for community-acquired pneumonia?
* Streptococcus pneumoniae
* Haemophilus influenzae
* Mycoplasma pneumoniae
* Legionnaires’ disease
50
What are risk factors for pneumonia?
* Conditions producing mucus or bronchial obstruction
* Immunosuppressed patients
* Smoking
* Prolonged immobility
51
What clinical manifestations indicate pneumonia?
* Sudden onset of chills
* Fever
* Pleuritic chest pain
* Tachypnea
* Dyspnea
* Cough with sputum
52
What is the medical management for pneumonia?
* Appropriate antibiotics based on Gram stain
* Antipyretics
* Analgesics
* Respiratory support measures
53
What nursing management strategies should be employed for pneumonia?
* Assess severity
* Administer oxygen
* Improve breathing pattern
* Administer antibiotics
54
What are the respiratory support measures for hypoxemia?
Administer high oxygen concentrations, endotracheal intubation, and mechanical ventilation
55
What is the purpose of taking a history and performing a physical exam in nursing management?
To assess the severity of the patient's condition
56
What position should a patient be placed in to improve breathing?
Semi-fowler's position
57
What antibiotics are prescribed for respiratory infections?
Benzyl penicillin 2 million units
58
What signs should be continually monitored for improvement?
Respirations, breathing patterns, presence of secretions, use of accessory muscles, vital signs, and breath sounds
59
What should be administered if the patient has a fever?
Antipyretics
60
What are the complications that should be monitored for in respiratory distress?
Shock, respiratory failure, atelectasis
61
What is a lung abscess?
A localized necrotic lesion of the lung parenchyma containing purulent material that collapses and forms a cavity
62
What are the main causes of lung abscesses?
Bacterial pneumonia and aspiration of oral anaerobes
63
What risk factors increase the likelihood of developing a lung abscess?
* Impaired cough reflexes
* Swallowing difficulties
* Central nervous system disorders
* Drug addiction
* Alcoholism
* Esophageal disease
* Compromised immune function
* Nasogastric tube feedings
64
What are the clinical manifestations of a lung abscess?
* Mild productive cough
* Fever
* Foul smelling sputum
* Dyspnea
* Weight loss
65
What diagnostic findings may indicate a lung abscess?
Dullness on percussion, decreased breath sounds, chest x-ray showing infiltrate with air-fluid level
66
What preventive measures can reduce the risk of lung abscess?
* Appropriate antibiotic therapy before dental procedures
* Adequate dental and oral hygiene
* Antimicrobial therapy for pneumonia
67
What is the medical management for lung abscess?
* Intravenous antimicrobial therapy
* Postural drainage
* Chest physiotherapy
68
What nursing management practices are essential for patients with lung abscess?
* Administer antibiotics
* Monitor for adverse effects
* Teach deep-breathing and coughing exercises
69
What is pleurisy?
Inflammation of both layers of the pleurae (parietal and visceral)
70
What characterizes pleuritic pain?
Sharp, knifelike pain that worsens with respiration
71
What are the objectives of medical management for pleurisy?
Discover the underlying cause and relieve pain
72
What is pleural effusion?
A collection of fluid in the pleural space
73
What are common causes of pleural effusion?
* Heart failure
* TB
* Pneumonia
* Neoplastic tumors
74
What types of fluid can be found in pleural effusion?
* Clear fluid (transudate)
* Bloody fluid (exudate)
75
What are the clinical manifestations of pleural effusion?
* Dyspnea
* Pleuritic chest pain
* Dull flat sound on percussion
76
What is empyema?
An accumulation of thick, purulent fluid within the pleural space
77
What are the clinical manifestations of empyema?
* Fever
* Night sweats
* Productive cough
* Dyspnea
78
What is asthma?
A chronic inflammatory disease of the airways causing airway hyperresponsiveness
79
What causes airway obstruction in asthma?
* Mucosal edema
* Reduced airway diameter
* Bronchospasm
* Increased mucus production
80
What cells play a key role in asthma inflammation?
* Mast cells
* Neutrophils
* Eosinophils
* Lymphocytes
81
What leads to airway narrowing and potentially irreversible airflow limitation?
Changes in the airway
82
Which cells play a key role in the inflammation of asthma?
Mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
83
What do mast cells release when activated?
Mediators including histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
84
What is the aim of current research regarding pharmacologic therapy for asthma?
Regulation of inflammatory mediators
85
List some risk factors for asthma.
* Allergens (weed, pollen, dust, animal fur)
* Allergy-related conditions (eczema, food allergy, hay fever)
* Chronic exposure to airway irritants (smoke, dust)
* Family history
* Premature birth or low birth weight
* Medications
* Smoking
86
What are common asthma triggers?
* Airway irritants (dust, odors, cold, pollutants)
* Weather changes
* Food additives
* Respiratory infections
* Exercise and hyperventilation
* Stress
87
What are some symptoms of asthma?
* Wheezing
* Cough
* Dyspnea
* Chest tightness
* Tachycardia
* Lethargy
* Central cyanosis (late sign)
88
What assessments and diagnostic findings are used for asthma?
* Family, environmental, and occupational history
* Sputum and blood tests (eosinophilia)
* Serum immunoglobulin E levels
* Arterial blood gases
* Pulse oximetry
* Pulmonary function test
89
What are the goals of asthma treatment?
* Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms
* Maintain near-normal pulmonary function
* Maintain normal activity levels
* Prevent recurrent exacerbations
* Provide optimal pharmacotherapy with minimal adverse effects
* Meet patient and family expectations
90
What are the two general classes of asthma medications?
* Quick-relief medications
* Long-acting medications
91
What are examples of quick-relief medications for asthma?
* Short-acting beta-adrenergic agonists (e.g., salbutamol, albuterol)
* Anticholinergics (e.g., ipratropium bromide)
* Direct muscle relaxants (e.g., aminophylline)
* Oral/IV corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone, prednisolone)
92
What is status asthmaticus?
Severe and persistent asthma that does not respond to conventional therapy
93
What are clinical manifestations of status asthmaticus?
* Labored breathing
* Persistent shortness of breath
* Prolonged exhalation
* Engorged neck veins
* Wheezing
* Chest tightness
* Cyanosis
* Agitation and confusion
94
What is the primary management for an acute episode of status asthmaticus?
* Short-acting beta-adrenergic agonist
* Corticosteroids
* Supplemental oxygen
* IV fluids for hydration
95
What characterizes Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
Airflow limitation that is not fully reversible
96
What are the common causes of COPD?
* Exposure to cigarette smoke
* Chronic respiratory infections
* Inflammatory response to noxious particles or gases
* Occupational exposure
* Air pollution
* Genetic abnormalities of alpha 1-antitrypsin
97
What is emphysema?
Abnormal distention of air spaces beyond terminal bronchioles with destruction of alveolar walls
98
What are the types of emphysema?
* Panlobular (panacinar)
* Centrilobular (centroacinar)
99
What are the clinical manifestations of COPD?
* Dyspnea
* Chronic cough
* Sputum production
* Fatigue
* Wheezing
* Hyperinflated (barrel) chest
100
What are primary causes for an acute exacerbation of COPD?
* Tracheobronchial infection
* Air pollution
101
What is a common medical management strategy for COPD?
* Administer bronchodilators
* Use corticosteroids
* Provide vaccinations (influenza, pneumococcal)
* Oxygen therapy as needed
102
What is the primary goal of rehabilitation for COPD patients?
Restore patients to the highest level of independent function possible
103
What are some breathing techniques beneficial for COPD patients?
* Diaphragmatic breathing
* Pursed-lip breathing
104
Fill in the blank: The most potent and effective anti-inflammatory medications for asthma are _______.
Corticosteroids
105
What is the purpose of inspiratory muscle training?
To strengthen the muscle and help the patient control the rate and depth of respiration.
106
How long should a patient perform inspiratory muscle training daily?
10 to 15 minutes every day.
107
What are physical conditioning techniques intended to achieve?
To conserve energy and increase pulmonary ventilation.
108
What is the role of portable oxygen systems for patients?
They allow the patient to exercise, work, and travel.
109
What should nutritional therapy include for patients?
A thorough assessment on caloric needs and food supplementation.
110
What can interfere with normal breathing and lead to psychological issues?
Factors like anxiety, depression, and changes in behavior.
111
List lifestyle changes recommended for respiratory health.
* Stop smoking
* Avoid other respiratory irritants
* Exercise regularly
* Protect yourself from cold air
* Prevent respiratory infections
* Get pneumonia vaccinations as advised by your doctor
112
What are some complications associated with respiratory conditions?
* Respiratory insufficiency and failure
* Right-sided heart failure
* Atelectasis
* Pulmonary arterial hypertension
* Pneumothorax
113
Define bronchiectasis.
A chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles.
114
What are common causes of bronchiectasis?
* Chronic airway obstruction
* Diffuse airway injury
* Pulmonary infections
* Genetic disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis)
* Abnormal host defense
115
What are predisposing factors for bronchiectasis?
* Recurrent respiratory infections in early childhood
* Measles
* Influenza
* Whooping cough
* Lung infections (e.g., tuberculosis)
* Immunodeficiency disorders
116
What is the pathophysiology of bronchiectasis?
The inflammatory process damages the bronchial wall, leading to thick sputum that obstructs the bronchi, causing alveoli collapse and scarring.
117
What are the clinical manifestations of bronchiectasis?
* Chronic cough with purulent sputum
* Dyspnea
* Hemoptysis
* Clubbing of fingers
* Repeated episodes of pulmonary infection
* Abnormal chest sounds
* Weight loss and fatigue
118
What are the treatment objectives for bronchiectasis?
* Promote bronchial drainage
* Clear excessive secretions
* Prevent or control infection
119
What is the significance of smoking cessation in bronchiectasis management?
Smoking impairs bronchial drainage and increases bronchial secretions.
120
What medical management strategies are employed for bronchiectasis?
* Year-round antibiotic regimen
* Vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia
* Bronchodilators for reactive airway disease
* Surgical intervention for severe cases
121
What is cystic fibrosis?
An inherited chronic disease that affects the lung and digestive system.
122
What causes cystic fibrosis?
Mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator protein, leading to thick mucus production.
123
What are the key clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis?
* Persistent productive cough
* Recurrent lung infections
* Wheezing
* Hyperinflation of lung fields
* Sinusitis and nasal polyps
124
What are the main goals of medical management for cystic fibrosis?
Control infections and enhance secretion clearance.
125
List some nursing management strategies for cystic fibrosis.
* Promote removal of pulmonary secretions
* Teach chest physiotherapy techniques
* Educate on risk factors for respiratory infections
* Ensure adequate fluid and dietary intake
126
What is lung cancer primarily caused by?
Inhalation of carcinogenic chemicals, especially cigarette smoke.
127
What are the classifications of lung cancer?
* Small cell lung cancer
* Non-small cell lung cancer (further classified into squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, bronchoalveolar)
128
What are the stages of non-small cell lung cancer?
* Stage I: cancer small and localized
* Stage II & III: larger tumor with possible lymph node involvement
* Stage IV: cancer has spread to other body parts
129
What are common clinical manifestations of lung cancer?
* Chronic cough
* Dyspnea
* Hemoptysis
* Chest or shoulder pain
* Non-specific symptoms like weakness and weight loss
130
What is the preferred treatment for localized non-small cell tumors?
Surgical resection.
131
What nursing management strategies are important for lung cancer patients?
* Maintain airway patency
* Administer bronchodilator medications
* Educate on energy conservation techniques
* Refer for pulmonary rehabilitation
132
What are the two types of chest trauma?
* Blunt trauma
* Penetrating trauma
133
What are common causes of blunt chest trauma?
* Motor vehicle crashes
* Falls
* Bicycle crashes
134
What are the pathological effects of blunt chest trauma?
* Hypoxemia
* Hypovolemia
* Cardiac failure
135
What is the initial medical management for blunt chest trauma?
* Evaluate condition
* Establish airway
* Initiate aggressive resuscitation
136
What is flail chest?
Occurs when three or more adjacent ribs are fractured at two or more sites, resulting in free floating rib segments
## Footnote
It leads to respiratory impairment and severe respiratory distress.
137
What is the pathophysiology of flail chest?
During inspiration, the flail segment moves inward, reducing air intake; during expiration, it bulges outward, impairing exhalation
## Footnote
This results in increased dead space, reduced alveolar ventilation, and decreased compliance.
138
What are the clinical manifestations of flail chest?
Dyspnea, chest pain, retained secretions, hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis, hypotension, metabolic acidosis
## Footnote
Symptoms arise due to compromised gas exchange and reduced cardiac output.
139
What is the primary medical management for flail chest?
Supportive treatment including ventilatory support, clearing secretions, and controlling pain
## Footnote
Management depends on the degree of respiratory dysfunction.
140
What are the treatment objectives for mild to moderate flail chest injuries?
Clear airway, relieve pain, monitor fluid intake, and manage pulmonary contusion
## Footnote
Techniques include positioning, coughing, deep breathing, and physiotherapy.
141
What is pulmonary contusion?
Damage to lung tissues resulting in hemorrhage and localized edema due to chest trauma
## Footnote
It occurs with rapid compression and decompression of the chest wall.
142
What happens during the pathophysiology of pulmonary contusion?
Injury to lung parenchyma causes leakage of serum protein and plasma, leading to fluid loss and impaired gas exchange
## Footnote
Increased pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure occur, resulting in hypoxemia and carbon dioxide retention.
143
What are the clinical manifestations of pulmonary contusion?
Tachypnea, tachycardia, pleuritic chest pain, hypoxemia, blood-tinged secretions, crackles, severe hypoxemia
## Footnote
Severe cases may show signs of ARDS.
144
What are the treatment priorities for pulmonary contusion?
Maintain airway, provide adequate oxygenation, control pain, and manage secretions
## Footnote
Includes hydration, postural drainage, and physiotherapy.
145
What is the definition of penetrating trauma?
Occurs when a foreign object penetrates into the chest wall
## Footnote
Common causes include gunshot and stab wounds.
146
What is the management objective for penetrating trauma?
Restore and maintain cardiopulmonary function
## Footnote
This includes establishing and maintaining adequate airway and ventilation.
147
What is pneumothorax?
Occurs when the pleura is breached, allowing air into the pleural space, leading to lung collapse
## Footnote
Types include simple, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
148
What causes simple (spontaneous) pneumothorax?
Air enters the pleural space through the rupture of a bleb or bronchopleural fistula
## Footnote
Can occur in healthy individuals without trauma.
149
What causes traumatic pneumothorax?
Air escapes from a lung laceration or a wound in the chest wall
## Footnote
Causes include blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, and invasive procedures.
150
What is tension pneumothorax?
Occurs when air enters the pleural space and cannot be expelled, causing increased pressure and lung collapse
## Footnote
It is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.
151
What are the clinical manifestations of tension pneumothorax?
Air hunger, agitation, central cyanosis, hypotension, tachycardia, profuse diaphoresis
## Footnote
Symptoms indicate severe hypoxemia and compromised cardiovascular function.
152
What is the goal of medical management for pneumothorax?
Evacuate air or blood from the pleural space
## Footnote
Treatment varies based on the cause and severity.
153
What are the indications for chest tube drainage?
Re-expand the lung, remove excess air, fluid, and blood from the pleural space
## Footnote
Used in the treatment of pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and empyema.
154
What are the types of chest drainage systems?
Water Seal Chest Drainage Systems, Dry Suction Water Seal Systems, Dry Suction with a One-Way Valve System
## Footnote
Each type has specific mechanisms for fluid drainage and air prevention.
155
What is a key guideline for managing chest drainage systems?
Verify that all connection tubes are patent and connected securely
## Footnote
Additional guidelines include monitoring drainage characteristics and ensuring appropriate fluid levels.
