Tuesday Exam Psych Flashcards
Learning
A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.
Conditioning
The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses
Behaviorism
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
- Observational Learning
Classical Conditioning
Basic learning involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response.
Unconditional Stimulus [UCS]
The natural stimulus reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning. Meat
Unconditional Response [UCR]
unlearned, reflexive response, that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus. Salivating to meat
Conditional Stimulus [CS]
A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response. Bell presented before meat.
Conditioned Response [CR]
Learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus. Salivating to bell alone.
Classical Conditioning
- Timing
- Stimulus generalization
- Stimulu discrimination
Classical Conditioning
- Extinction
2. Spontaneous Recovery
John Garcia
Taste Aversions
Biological Preparedness
In learning theory, the idea
that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.
*i.e., common fears
Operant Conditioning
[B.F Skinner]
Reinforcement – Positive or Negative
- Primary reinforcers
- Secondary reinforcers
- see schedules of reinforcement
Punishment– Positive or Negative
Schedules of reinforcement
- Continuous vs. Partial Reinforcement
- Ratio - Fixed or Variable
- Interval- Fixed or Variable
Problems with Punishment [SOR]
- Must be applied immediately
- Does not teach or promote alternatively acceptable behavior
- May produce undesirable results such as hostility, passivity, fear
- Results likely to be temporary
- May Model Aggression
Cognitive Factors - Tolman
Demonstrated the animals learn a cognitive map of a maze instead of a series of fo responses.
Cognitive Map
Term for a mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment.
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement, but is not demonstrated until a reinforcer is available.
Observation Learning
- Albert Bandura - Bobo Doll Study
- Mirror
- Reali-life applications
Memory
A group of related mental processes that are involved in acquiring, spring, and retrieving information.
Three major processes of memory
- Encoding: Transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory system.
- Storage: Retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.
- Retrieval: Recovering stored information for conscious awareness.
Sensory memory
- Environmental information is registered.
- Large capacity for information.
- Duration: 1/4 second to 3 seconds
Short-Term [working] Memory
- New information is transferred from sensory memory.
- Old information is retrieved from long-term memory.
- Limited capacity for information.
- Duration approx. 20 seconds
Long-Term Memory
- Information that has been encoded in short-term memory is stored.
- Unlimited capacity for information.
- Duration: potentially permanent.
Short-Term [working] Memory
- Provides temporary storage for information transferred from sensory and long-term memory [about 20 seconds].
- George Miller – “The Magical Number Seven, Plus, or Minus Two”
- Can be retained longer through maintenance rehearsal, chunking, and memonic devices/
- Information is usually forgotten or lost due to new or compete information.
Long-Term Memory
Elaborative rehearsal > Maintenance rehearsal for LTM.
- Self Reference effect.
- Visual Imagery
- Relate to previous material.
Long Term Memory
Explicit Memory
[Declaration Memory] Memory with conscious recall:
- Episodic Memory: Events you have experienced
- Semantic Memory: General Knowledge, facts
Long Term Memory
Implicit Memory [Nondeclaratove Memory] Memory without conscious recall:
- Procedural Memory: Motor Skills, actions.
Culture and Memory
- Cross-Cultural research has shown how culture helps shape one’s sense of self.
- Earliest autobiographical memories are for events that occurred between the ages of two and four [infantile amnesia].
- Individualisitic cultures vs. Collectivistic cultures .
Organizing of LTM
- Clustering:
Related items are grouped together form categories.
- Can remember list items better if presented in categories.
- Natural to put into a logical pattern.
