Tudors- Henry VIII foreign policy Flashcards
When was Henry VII’s Reign?
1509-1547
What conflicting ideologies did Henry and advisors have regarding foreign policy?
-Henry wanted an aggressive foreign policy which involved wars
-His advisors wanted a peaceful foreign policy avoiding war
When was the re-negotiation of the Treaty of Etaples?
-1510
-A year later Henry went against it
When did Henry join the Holy League, which countries were involved and what was it?
-1511
-It involved England, Spain, HRE and Venice
-All rivals of France
When did Henry first invade France and what happened?
-1512
-Failure
-Led to debt and humiliation
Who used the advantage of England’s failure in 1512 and what happened?
-Ferdinand of Spain
-Used English failure as a divergence to concur Navarre
What did Wolsey do in 1514?
-Passed the Treaty of Saint German en Laye
-Gave Henry an annual pension for giving up his claim to the throne of France
-Pension is later lost
When did England invade France and what happened?
-1512-13
-England invaded France from the North-East
-Known as Battle of Spurs
-Success= captured Tournai and Therouanne
When was the Battle of Flodden and what happened?
-1513
-Battle between Scotland and England
-Henry was away so Catherine and Earl of Surrey as regents
-Success for England= 1,500 killed
-10,000 Scottish killed including James V
What were the outcomes to the Wars that Henry took part in?
-England was still a minor power compared to France and Spain
-Henry overestimated power of his troops
What happened in 1514 regarding funds?
-England ran out of money so he couldn’t exploit Scotland when it was weak
-As James the V had been killed
-Unable to carry out aggressive foreign policy
What did Wolsey do in 1514 regarding marriage?
-Negotiated a marriage alliance with Louis XII (France) and Mary (sister)
-Louis died a year later in 1515
-Mary re-married, Duke of Suffolk
-Angered Henry as there was no foreign policy and his sister married his bsf
When were the deaths of the Monarchs and what did it lead to?
-Death of Louis XII (1515)
-Death of Ferdinand of Aragon (1516)
-Death of HRE Maximilian (1519)
-Led to younger, more competitive Monarch’s emerging
When did Francis take over from Louis and what happened?
-1515
-Francis and Henry immediately became rivals
-Henry looked for a alliance with Spain
-However, when Charles V came to power (1516), he made an alliance with France
-Maximilian formed the Treaty of Cambria with France as well
-Left England isolated
Why was Charles V the most powerful in Europe?
-After Maximilian died, Charles became HRE, the King of Spain and a Duke in Netherlands
Why did the Charles have tensions with France?
-Charles wanted to pursue his claim to Milan, which was under the control of France
What was the Antemurale Christianitatis?
- 1520
-Pope Leo X, called for a crusade against Ottomans
-Wolsey saw Leo’s scheme as an optimistic way of putting England at the centre of diplomacy
-Called for major powers of England to live in universal peace
-24 countries signed the treaty
-Major success, led to fame and end of isolation
Why did French and England’s relations improve?
-Both sides were worried about Charles V
-England agreed to return Tournai to France
-French compensated with a pension
What was the Field of the Cloth of Gold ?
-2 week meeting between Francis and Henry
-Took place in Calais (under English control)
-Met in a lavishly controlled Pavilion that cost 15,000 in decorations
-Henry wanted to show off his wealth
Treaty of Burges
-1521
-Negotiation with Charles V
-Improving relations with the Pope who wanted French control in Italy
-Possibility of gaining French land
-Marriage alliance between Charles and Mary (daughter)
What happened in 1522?
-Wolsey set up a national survey to see how much tax people could pay
-Earl of Surrey invaded North France but it was minimum success
-Next year, Wolsey called for more money for the grant invasion of France
What happened in 1523?
-Under command of Duke of Suffolk, 10,000 men sailed into Calais to invade Boulogne
-Henry + Cardinal urged him to March upon Paris
-But they were captured and forced to flee
What was Battle of Pavaia
-Victory for the Emperor Charles V, who captured his rival, Francis I of France
-Forced him to agree to Habsburg control of northern Italy and Burgundy
What was the Amicable grant and when was it?
-1525
-Tax imposed by Wolsey
-Raise funds
-Led to revolts
What was the aftermath of Battle of Pavia?
-Henry suggested grand coalition with Spain, however, Spain didn’t need England to invade France
-Henry forced to back down
-Charles V rejected marriage to Mary
-Wolsey never recovered from the failure of the amicable grant
What were the previous failure to Henry’s Pro-French policies?
-Henry offered support to the League of Cognac
-Set up by the Pope to combat the power of Emperor in Italy
-Exacerbated relations between Henry and Charles
What was the ‘Great Matter’?
-Failure of Henry to resolve his great matter by diplomatic means
-Wish for divorce from Catherine of Aragon
Treaty of Amiens
-1527
-Anti-Imperial alliance with French
-Wolsey introduced a trade embargo on Bulgarian lands
-To pressure Charles V
-Failed= resulted in wide unemployment and social issues in England
Battle of Landriano
-Charles victorious over France
-Charles dominated over Pope (Peace of Cambrai)
-Temporarily secured peace in Italy
-Proved Pope’s political dependence on Charles
-Why the Pope didn’t want to upset Charles by allowing Henry’s divorce to Catherine (Henry’s Aunt)
League of Schmalkaldic
-Cromwell negotiated with the League
-No anti-French or anti-hapsburg was agreed upon
When did Anne die and what did this mean?
-1536
-Catherine and Anne died
-Opened possibilities for a renewal alliance with the Emperor
Treaty of Niece
-Charles and Francis agreed to break connections with England
Excommunication of Henry
-1538
-Pope Paul III excommunicated Henry from Catholic Church
-Meant English Catholics didn’t need to obey him
-Pope sent envoys to Scotland and france
-To raise crusade against England
What happened in 1539?
-Excommunication explained why Henry insisted the publication of the 6 articles
-Marriage to Anne of Cleves
-Strengthened relations with Protestant countries
-Wedding didn’t last long when Charles and Francis relationship broke down
-Led to secure position for England
What was Henry’s goals from 1540-47?
-Aggressive policy
-Desire to create United British Isles, achieve military glory or to punish James V for harbouring rebels and ignoring Henry
Battle of Solway
-1542
-Henry sent Duke of Norfolk to Scot
-Immediate military success
-Led to death of James V by shock
-His daughter, Mary, took the throne at 1 week old
Treaty of Greenwich
-Henry tried to arrange marriage of Mary to Edward
-Scot parliament refused
-Henry prompted to send Earl of Hepford to carry out raids in Edinborough and St. Andrew’s building
What led to Henry’s decline?
-Charles became tired of war, created treaty with France, isolating England
-France sent troops for Scot for possible invasion on England
-English defeated at Battle of Ancrum Moor by Scots
-Separate French forces landed in Isle of Wright
Treaty of Arotres
-Payments of pension from France would be renewed
-Boulogne would be reti\urned to France in 1554
Why did Henry ally with Hapsberg?
-Both sides promised to invade France
-Henry sent 48,000 men in France
-Captured Boulogne
