Tudors and Stuarts Flashcards
What happened after the Wars of the Roses?
Henry VII wanted to make sure that England remained peaceful and that his position as king was secure. He deliberately strengthened the central administration of England and reduced the power of the nobles. Built up the monarchy’s financial reserves. When he died, his son Henry VIII continued the policy of centralising power.
Why was Henry VIII famous?
most famous for breaking away from the Church of Rome and marrying 6 times.
Who was Catherine of Aragon?
1st wife. Spanish princess. Had no. Of children with Henry but only Mary survived. When Catherine was too old to give him another child, Henry divorced her, hoping another wife would give him a son to be his heir.
Who was Anne Boleyn?
2nd wife. was English. Had one daughter (Elizabeth) with Henry. Anne was unpopular in the country and was accused of taking lovers. Executed at the Tower of London.
Who was Jane Seymour?
3rd wife. married Henry after Anne’s execution. Gave Henry the son he wanted, Edward, but she died shortly after the birth.
Who was Anne of Cleaves?
4th wife. German princess. Henry married her for political reasons but divorced her soon after.
Who was Catherine Howard?
5th wife. cousin of Anne Boleyn. Also accused of taking lovers and executed.
Who was Catherine Parr?
6th wife. was a widow who married Henry late in his life. Survived him and married again but died soon after.
Why did Henry VIII go against the Pope?
To divorce the 1st Catherine, Henry needed the approval of the Pope. Pope refused so Henry established the Church of England, where the king, not the Pope, would have the power to appoint bishops and order how people should worship.
How did the Protestants form?
Same time as Henry VIII, the Reformation was happening in Europe, which was a movement against the authority of the Pope and the ideas and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Protestants formed their own churches. They read the Bible in their own languages instead of in Latin; did not pray to saints or at shrines; and believed that a person’s own relationship with God was more important than submitting to the authority of the Church. Protestant ideas gradually gained strength in England, Wales and Scotland during the 16th century.
What was happening with Ireland and Protestantism?
In Ireland, however, attempts by the English to impose Protestantism (alongside efforts to introduce the English system of laws about the inheritance of land) led to rebellion from the Irish chieftains, and much brutal fighting followed.
Did Wales become part of the UK during Henry VIII’s reign?
During Henry 8th’s reign, Wales became formally united with England by the Act for the Government of Wales. The Welsh sent representatives to the House of Commons and the Welsh legal system was reformed.
Who succeeded after Henry VIII?
Henry 8th was succeeded by his son Edward VI, who was strongly Protestant. During his reign, the Book of Common Prayer was written to be used in the Church of England. A version of this book is still used in some churches today.
Who succeeded after Edward VI?
Edward died at 15 after ruling for just over 6 years, and his half-sister became queen. Mary was a devout Catholic and persecuted Protestants (reason why she is called ‘Bloody Mary.’) Mary also died after a short reign and the next monarch was her half-sister, Elizabeth, the daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn.
How did Elizabeth rule England?
Queen Elizabeth I was a Protestant. She re-established the Church of England as the official Church in England. Everyone had to attend their local church and there were laws about the type of religious services and the prayers which could be said, but Elizabeth did not ask about people’s real beliefs. She succeeded in finding a balance between the views of Catholics and the more extreme Protestants. Like this, she avoided any serious religious conflict within England. Elizabeth became one of the most popular monarchs in English history, particularly after 1588, when the English defeated the Spanish Armada (a large fleet of ships), which had been sent by Spain to conquer England and restore Catholicism.
What was happening with Scotland and Protestantism?
Scotland had also been strongly influenced by Protestant ideas. In 1560, the predominantly Protestant Scottish Parliament abolished the authority of the Pope in Scotland and Roman Catholic religious services became illegal. A Protestant Church of Scotland with an elected leadership was established but, unlike in England, this was not a state Church.
Who was Mary Stuart?
The queen of Scotland, Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots) was a Catholic. She was only a week old when her father died and she became queen. Much of her childhood was spent in France. When she returned to Scotland, she was the centre of a power struggle between different groups. When her husband was murdered, Mary was suspected of involvement and fled to England. She gave her throne to her Protestant son, James VI of Scotland.
Mary was Elizabeth I’s cousin and hoped that Elizabeth might help her, but Elizabeth suspected Mary of wanting to take over the English throne, and kept her a prisoner for 20 years. Mary was eventually executed, accused of plotting against Elizabeth I.
What happened during the Elizabethan period?
The Elizabethan period in England was a time of growing patriotism: a feeling of pride in English, English explorers sought new trade routes and tried to expand British trade into Spanish colonies in the Americas.
Sir Francis Drake, one of the commanders in the defeat of the Spanish Armada, was one of the founders of England’s naval tradition. His ship (the Golden Hind) was one of the first to sail right around the world.
English settlers first began to colonise the eastern coast of America. This colonisation, particularly by people who disagreed with the religious views of the next two kings, greatly increased in the next century.
Elizabethan period also remembered for the richness of its poetry and drama, especially the plays and poems of William Shakespeare.
Who was William Shakespeare?
Born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England.
Playwright and actor and wrote many poems and plays.
Most famous plays include A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Hamlet, Macbeth and Romeo and Juliet.
He also dramatized significant events from the past, but he did not focus solely on kings and queens.
One of the first to portray ordinary Englishmen and women.
Had a great influence on the English language and invented many words that are still common today.
May people regard him as the greatest playwright of all time.
His plays and poems are still performed and studied in Britain and other countries today.
The Globe Theatre in London is a modern copy of the theatres in which his plays were first performed.
What were some lines from Shakespeare’s plays and poems?
One more unto the breach (Henry V)
To be or not to be (Hamlet)
A rose by any other name (Romeo and Juliet)
All the world’s a stage (As You Like It)
The darling buds of May (Sonnet 18- Shall I Compare Thee To a Summer’s Day)
Who inherited the throne after Elizabeth I?
Elizabeth I never married and so had no children to inherit her throne.
When she dies in 1603, her heir was her cousin James VI of Scotland. He became King James I of England, Wales and Ireland but Scotland remained a separate country.
What was one of King James’ achievement as king?
One achievement of King James’ reign was a new translation of the Bible into English. This translation known as the ‘King James Version’ or the ‘Authorised Version.’ Not the first English Bible but is a version which continues to be used in many Protestant churches today.
What was happening in Ireland during Henry VII and Henry VIII’s reign?
During this period, Ireland was almost a Catholic country, Henry VII and Henry VIII had extended English control outside the Pale and had established English authority over the whole country. Henry VIII took the title ‘King of Ireland.’ English laws were introduced and local leaders were expected to follow the instructions of the Lord Lieutenants in Dublin.
What was happening in Ireland during Elizabeth I and James I’s reign?
During the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I, many people in Ireland opposed rule by the Protestant government in England. No. Of rebellions. The English government encouraged Scottish and English Protestants to settle in Ulster, the northern province of Ireland, taking over the land from Catholic landholders. These settlements were known as plantations. Many of the new settlers came from south-west Scotland and other land was given to companies based in London. James later organised similar plantations in several other parts of Ireland. This had serious long term consequences for the history of England, Scotland and Ireland.
