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Tudor Foreign Policy Flashcards

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0
Q

Who was the King of France during Henry’s reign and when was he appointed?

A

Francis I was made king in 1515

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1
Q

What was the size and population of France during Henry’s reign?

A
  • The largest kingdom in Christendom (Europe) at 460,000 Km2

- population of 16 million

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2
Q

Who was the king of Spain during Henry’s reign?

A

-Originally Ferdinand

  • in 1515, Charles I came to power
  • in 1519, Charles 1 of Spain became Charles V: emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
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3
Q

What was Spain’s relationship with England during Henry’s reign?

A
  • They were linked through Henry’s marriage to Catherine
  • thus, England and Spain were strong allies and even following Henry’s divorce to Catherine, they remained on good terms
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4
Q

When did Henry go to war with France?

A

1512-1514

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5
Q

What was the Holy Roman Empire?

A
  • A collection of 400 semi-autonomous states
  • made up of 65 free imperial cities which were independent of the emperors rule
  • ruled by an emperor but the power was greatly decentralised and each state had its own prince
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6
Q

Who was Charles V?

A
  • The emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and Charles I of Spain
  • also ruled over parts of the Netherlands
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7
Q

Who were enemies of the Holy Roman Empire?

A
  • Italy: with his empire so big, Charles wanted to invade Italy
  • the Ottoman Empire
  • the Protestants
  • French and Habsburg family fought over the Netherlands
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8
Q

Was the Netherlands part of the Holy Roman Empire?

A
  • Yes, but it’s borders were very ambiguous and left the empire in 1548
  • France and the Hadsburg family fought over the Netherlands
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9
Q

What was the papacy/Papal states?

A
  • Located in central Italy & capital was Rome

- Pope, who was head of the Catholic Church, was the spiritual head of the papacy and his word carried lots of power

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10
Q

What was the role of the Pope in the Papal States?

A
  • spiritual head of the Papacy
  • Popes word carried a lot of power over catholic leaders and states
  • pope called crusades of catholic states against Islam
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11
Q

What was England’s relationship with the Papacy?

A

-until the reformation of the church in the 1530’s, the Papal States were on good terms with England (before the church breakaway)

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12
Q

Who were the enemies of the Papacy?

A
  • The Muslim Ottoman Empire: saw them as enemies of Christianity
  • typically allies with all catholic states
  • Enemies of the Holy Roman Empire following the invasion of Rome in 1527
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13
Q

What key event took in place in 1453 between the Papal States and the Ottoman Empire?

A

Ottoman Empire became increasingly powerful as they took Constantinople- the capital of the Eastern Christian Empire

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14
Q

What was the extent of the Scottish threat to England during Henry’s reign?

A
  • Scottish army, led by James IV invaded England at the 1513 Battle of Flodden in which James and the majority of the Scottish nobility were killed
  • this left James V- a young boy- and Henry’s sister Margaret as regents of Scotland who thus posed very little threat for the remainder of Henry’s reign
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15
Q

What was Scotland’s relationship with England?

A

Had a long history of conflict leading back to when William Wallace expelled the English army from Scotland in the 1297 Battle of Stirling Bridge

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16
Q

Who were Scotland’s main ally during Henry’s reign?

A

France

-In 1512, an allegiance was created between France and Scotland as mutual enemies of England to work together to protect their borders and to defeat England

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17
Q

What were Henry’s key foreign policy aims? (5)

A

Glory: wanted to establish England as a major power

Honour: establish a personal representation as a great king

France: emulate the heroic Henry V by conquering France

Dynastic security: sure up the Tudor house with a network of marriages to European houses

Trade: important to maintain good trade links for income; particularly with the Netherlands for the antwerp cloth trade

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18
Q

How did the nobility aid Henry’s desire to fight abroad?

A
  • the nobility, like Henry, felt it as part of their duty to fight
  • they felt as though they had been restricted from fighting by Henry VII and encouraged wars
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19
Q

What was Catharine’s view on England’s war with France, and why?

A
  • Catharine supported the war with France as she saw it as a ‘holy war’ following the French attack of the Papal States in Italy
  • Catharine was a large supporter of Holy war as a devout catholic and as her parents, Ferdinand and Isabella fought the Muslims out of Spain
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20
Q

How did Henry VII attempt to improve relations with Scotland, and what affect did it have?

A
  • Henry VII married off his daughter, Margaret (Henry VIII’s sister) to James IV, the king of Scotland
  • This did not stop the feud between England and Scotland
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21
Q

What was the ‘Holy League’?

A

A group if catholic sympathetic countries to fight the infidel France following their attempted invasion of the Papal States in Italy

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22
Q

When and why did Henry VIII join the ‘Holy League’?

A
  • 1511

- Allowed Henry to enter European politics and show he wanted to fight with the big European powers

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23
Q

Why was a peace treaty made between England and France in 1514?

A
  • England were very low on money following the initial invasion of France
  • Ferdinand and Maximilian had lost interest in invading France, and thus England were forced to make peace with France
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24
Q

What were the terms of the 1514 peace treaty with France?

A
  • France gave England Tournai

- France paid England the arrears of the English pension that Henry VII handed in 1490

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25
Q

When and what was the Battle of Flodden?

A

-September 1513

  • Whilst Henry was invading France, James IV of Scotland invaded England
  • -> the Earl of Surrey led an army to face the Scottish and the king of Scotland and most of the scottish nobility were killed
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26
Q

What is the income of the crown in comparison to the cost of the invasion of France? What does this show about the battle with France?

A

Annual income for the crown: £110,000

Cost of battles in France: £1-2 million

Shows how the war was financially unsustainable (French income is 8x the English income)

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27
Q

How did Henry respond following the victory over France?

A
  • Henry claimed that he had saved the papacy from France
  • believed he was now glorious and powerful
  • went back to being a playboy prince, and left the ruling to Wolsey
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28
Q

What do the English alliances with the Holy League and Spain’s deserted alliance with England show about alliances and treaties in Henry’s time?

A
  • showed how powers would try to manipulate each other for their own gains
  • showed the un-reliability of these alliances
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29
Q

How did Henry’s lack of an heir affect his foreign policy?

A

-until Henry had a son, the Tudor dynasty was not secure: thus, Henry’s aggressive strategy helped secure his power until he had a son

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30
Q

What gains were made from the 1513 war with France? (4)

A
  • England gained Tournai (part of 1514 peace treaty)
  • England were paid arrears of the English pension that were paid out by Henry VII in 1490 (as part of 1514 peace treaty)
  • Henry seen as a warrior king across Europe
  • Gave the nobility a war that they had been restricted by Henry VII
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31
Q

When did Francis I become king of France?

A

January 1, 1515

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32
Q

What did Francis I do as a new, young king?

A
  • wanted to exert his authority over Europe
  • sent the duke of Albany to overthrow Henry’s sister, Margaret, from Scottish power (which he did successfully)
  • Francis won a monumental battle against the Swiss in 1515
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33
Q

What was the affect of Francis I succession of the French throne?

A

-made Henry very jealous of his success and power, and thus wanted to invade France

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34
Q

How did Wolsey try to invade Francis I’s France?

A
  • tried to give Emperor Maximilian a subsidy to encourage him to fight the French but he simply accepted the money and then defected to France
  • Wolsey tried to create an anti-French league but after Ferdinand died and Charles became king of Spain and emperor of HRE in 1516, he decided he wanted peace with France
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35
Q

When and what was the Treaty of London?

A

1518

-Following the popes call for a crusade, Wolsey created a peace treaty amongst all the European powers against the Turks

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36
Q

What were the terms of the 1518 Treaty of London?

A
  • Guaranteed non-aggression between between major powers

- collective security so any aggressor would be rounded upon by other states

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37
Q

When and what was the field of cloth gold?

A

1520

Henry VIII and Francis I met in Calais as Francis tried to convince Henry to make an allegiance with him in the Habsburg-Valois conflict

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38
Q

What was the impact of the Field of cloth Gold?

A

Had very little diplomatic value and it ended up with each side attempting to show off and get the better of one another

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39
Q

Following the 1520 Field of cloth gold, why did Henry decide to support Charles V? (5)

A
  • traditional English hostility towards the French
  • had important trade links with the Low Countries and the Netherlands who were protected by Charles I (Habsburg)
  • Papal policy was anti-french and Henry thought it in his best interest to make allegiance with the papacy
  • Charles was the nephew of Catharine of Aragon and thus the nephew of Henry through marriage
  • Charles was in a weak position when he first became king of Spain as there was large revolts due to his foreign heritage, so he may offer a Henry a good deal or be indebted to him in the future
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40
Q

What was the short term affect of the Treaty of London (1518)?

A
  • Heaped prestige upon Henry’s reign as this was seen as a great moment of diplomacy and there had been violence in Europe for centuries
  • ended the threat of English isolation in Europe
  • led to a further Anglo-French treaty
41
Q

What was the long term affect of the Treaty of London (1518)?

A

-the treaty had very little long term affect and war broke out within Europe a few years later

Eg. England signed the Treaty of Bruges with the HRE which was an alliance against France

42
Q

Compare Henry’s policy of war with France in 1513 and his policy of peace agreements eg. 1518 Treaty of London

A
  • both added to the short term prestige of England and Henry VIII
  • both were purely superficial and vacuous
  • neither had an important long term effect
  • Wars were far more expensive than peace
43
Q

When and What was the Treaty of More?

A

1525
The English peace treaty with France in which England returned Tournai in exchange for further pensions to be paid by the French

44
Q

Following the 1520 field of cloth gold, did Henry support Francis I or Charles V?

A

He supported Charles V

45
Q

What reasons would Henry have had to make alliance with Francis I following the 1520 field of cloth gold? (4)

A
  • an Anglo-French alliance would be the only way to end Habsburg dominance
  • A deal with Charles could result with the French allying with Scotland
  • Francis was in a weak position in comparison to Charles so may offer a better deal
  • Henry would have had a bigger role in a partnership with France than with the HRE as they were such a large power
46
Q

When and what was the treaty of Bruges?

A

1521

Henry and Charles made an anti-French allegiance in which Mary, Henry’s daughter was betrothed to Charles

47
Q

As a result of the 1521 Treaty of Bruges, what happened in 1522, 1523 and 1525

A

1522: the earl of Surrey led an army into Normandy and Picardy but received very little (promised) support from Charles’ troops
1523: the french Duke of Bourbourn led a rebellion against Francis as he felt he had been denied his rightful inheritance. England sent in troops for assistance but Charles sent no support
1525: Charles defeated the French army in Pavia, killing 10,000 soldiers and imprisoning Francis. The English were not present at this war

48
Q

When was and what happened at the Battle of Pavia?

A

1525

  • Charles V’s troops destroyed the French army, killing 10,000 and imprisoning Francis
  • Caused the unstable balance between the Habsburg HRE and Valois France to be completely upturned
49
Q

How did Henry respond to the imprisoning of Francis by the HRE?

A
  • Henry tried to persuade Charles to launch a joint invasion of France with him: Henry hoped he would be declared the king of France
  • Henry and Wolsey acted quickly and by March 1525, Wolsey gave orders to raise the amicable grant to pay for the invasion
50
Q

What was Charles’ response to Henry’s desired invasion of France following Francis’ capture?

A
  • Charles opposed a conquest of France

- Charles withdrew his betrothal to Marry

51
Q

What was the English reaction to Henry’s desire to become king of France following the capture of Francis?

A

-the amicable grant led to serious opposition which caused a rebellion before it had even been collected

52
Q

Why did Charles refuse a conquest of France following the 1525 Battle of Pavia?

A
  • if Henry became king of France, his empire would be a greater threat to the HRE
  • Charles’ army won the battle and Henry’s army wasn’t even present
  • Charles held the French king
53
Q

How did Henry respond to Charles’ decision not to invade France?

A

-In 1525, Henry signed the treaty of More- a friendship treaty with France

54
Q

What was the European response to Charles V’s release of Francis and the annihilation of the French army?

A

-the league of Cognac was formed in May 1526; France, Venice, the Papal States, Florence and Milan allied against the empire

55
Q

What was England’s diplomatic policy following The battle of Pavia (1525)
(2)

A

1526: England joined the league as a protector but not as a member
1527: England and France signed the Treaty of Amiens in which they agreed to attack Charles V

56
Q

What were the consequences of the Battle of Pavia?

A
  • forced England to ally with its old enemy, France

- France and England did not go to war again until 1543

57
Q

What were the four stages of Henry’s foreign policy?

A
  1. War with France: unsuccessful and expensive
  2. peace amongst Europe eg. treaty of London
  3. Alliance with Spain against France: repeatedly let down by Charles
  4. Long lasting peace with France and alliance against Charles V
58
Q

What concerns did Catharine of Aragon have by 1527?

A
  • She had no male heir (she was 42 by this point)
  • Spanish king let them down
  • -> alliance with Spain was over and were enemies with Catharine’s homeland
59
Q

What would be Henry’s main concerns by 1527?

A
  • No male heir (Catharine was 42)
  • Spanish betrayal
  • blow to his ego with alliance with France
  • still threats from Yorkists (eg. Duke of Buckingham executed in 1521)
60
Q

What problems did Wolsey have by 1527?

A
  • Wanted to keep the king happy and it was getting harder

- disappointed and concerned over the outcome of the amicable grant

61
Q

Briefly describe Anne Boleyn?

A
  • Born in 1501 and died in 1536
  • was one of Catharine’s ladies in waiting
  • Anne had been educated all over Europe
62
Q

What was Anne’s relationship status when Henry wanted to get with her?

A

-She was being courted by Lord Percy and was prepared to marry him

63
Q

How did Henry attempt to deal with Anne Boleyn’s relationship with Lord Percy?

A

-Henry ordered Wolsey to cancel the marriage between Anne and Lord Percy

64
Q

Prior to Henry’s divorce to Anne, what was his opinion on Christianity and the church?

A

He was a stronger supporter of the papacy

-He wrote a book in 1521 in response to Martin Luther’s questioning of the legitimacy

65
Q

How did Wolsey remove Lord Percy from Anne Boleyn?

A

He publicly denounced Anne Boleyn and told Percy for his own sake, he should stay away from her

66
Q

How did Lord Percy and Anne Boleyn respond to Wolsey’s denouncement of their relationship?

A
  • Lord Percy burst into tears and soon was married off to another
  • Anne Boleyn began to resent Wolsey
67
Q

How did Henry try to cancel his marriage with Catharine?

A
  • Henry said his marriage was invalid as Catharine was married to his brother
  • Henry wanted to cancel the marriage with minimal fuss
68
Q

What were Henry’s & Catharine’s arguments for and against the marriage?

A

-Henry quoted Leviticus of the bible in saying if a man marries his sister’s husband, they will be childless

  • Catharine countered this by saying she never slept with Arthur and thus the marriage was not consummated
  • -> she later found another bible passage stating it was a mans duty to take his dead brothers wife
69
Q

When was Anne Boleyn born, and when did she die?

A

Born: 1501
Died: 1536

70
Q

When did Anne Boleyn marry Henry?

A

1533

71
Q

What was Henry and Anne’s relationship before their marriage?

A
  • Henry became infatuated with Anne and wanted to make her his mistress as she was attractive and had been well educated across Europe
  • Anne refused to sleep with Henry unless they were married and she was Queen
  • Henry pushed ahead with his annulment to Catherine of Aragon so that he could marry Anne
  • He wrote Anne many love letters and made her the ‘Marquess of Pembroke’ to display his affection for her
72
Q

Who was Henry Fitzroy and how did the King deal with him?

A
  • He was Henry VIII’s illegitimate son from one of his mistresses
  • The King made Henry Fitzroy the Duke of Richmond in 1525 as a back up option in case he could not produce a legitimate heir
73
Q

Before the pope was released by Charles V, how did Wolsey plan to annul the marriage of Henry and Catherine?

A

He planned to take advantage of this by calling a council of archbishops to settle the matter of the English royal marriage in England

74
Q

Why was Wolsey’s plan to annul the marriage in England before the pope’s release flawed?

A
  • French cardinals were reluctant to go to England to annul the marriage
  • Wolsey had a very short time frame as the Pope was released later in 1527
75
Q

How did Wolsey try to annul Henry’s and Catherine’s marriage following the Pope’s release from Charles?

A

Wolsey sought to end the marriage in England with papal permission

76
Q

What were pope Clement VII’s suggestions for how to Henry to end the marriage?

A
  • just to marry Anne and seek an annulment in the future

- make Catherine withdraw to a nunnery and take her monastic vows, allowing Henry to remarry

77
Q

Why did Henry reject the popes plan to marry Anne Boleyn and annul the marriage later?

A

It would of been an act of bigamy as Henry would have two wives and he did not want to call into doubt the legitimacy of any future heirs

78
Q

What was the Pope’s response for Wolsey’s request to annul the marriage in England?

A

He accepted the request in 1528 after much procrastination

79
Q

What was the “Spanish brief” and what was England’s response to it

A
  • It was a letter between Isabella of Castille and Julius II confirming the legitimacy of Catherine’s marriage to Henry, written before their marriage
  • the English believed it to be a forgery but the Spanish would not let it out of their sight
80
Q

Who were the enemies of Henry’s annulment to Catherine?

A
  • the imperial power of Charles V who also had power over the pope and influenced his decisions
  • Catherine strongly believed in the legitimacy of their marriage after 18 years and wanted to protect her daughter, Mary’s claim to the throne
81
Q

What is Praemunire?

A

The charge of putting the word of the pope over the word of the king

82
Q

Describe Wolsey’s downfall

A
  • Following Wolsey’s failure to annul Henry’s marriage, he was charged with praemunire and sent to York
  • During this time, Henry began to regain a level of contact through kind letters and sending Wolsey rings
  • however, Wolsey was soon after charged with treason for contacting the pope and king of France
  • He died from illness on his way to his trial in 1530
83
Q

What were the key reasons Wolsey fell from power? (3)

A
  • Failure to grant annulment
  • the influence of his enemies over the king (eg, Anne Boleyn)
  • 1527 alliance with France was unpopular with nobility
84
Q

How did Wolsey anger the nobility? (5)

A
  • enclosure
  • amicable grant & subsidy tax
  • Eltham ordinance
  • justice reforms: increased convictions of nobility
  • not from nobility and considered an outsider
85
Q

How did Henry go about immediately achieving a Spanish alliance at the start of his reign?

A

-Married Catherine of Aragon in 1509

86
Q

Why did the ambitious young king Henry settle for peace in 1510?

A

Fox and Warham, who were Henry VII’s advisors, didn’t want Henry to go to war

87
Q

How did Henry manage to convince his council of the case of war in 1512?

A
  • Papal policy was anti-French

- Henry VII’s advisors were retiring and being replaced by younger, ambitious courtiers

88
Q

Why did Henry’s expedition to France in 1512 fail?

A

-Ferdinand let Henry down by not bringing a significant army to France, and instead used Henry as a diversion so the Spanish could invade and control Nevarre

89
Q

When was Henry’s next invasion of France following the failure of 1512? What were the results?

A

1513 Battle of the Spurs: when Henry gained Tournai and Therouanne

90
Q

What was achieved in 1513 in regards to Scotland?

A

England won the battle of Flodden- killed of James IV and most of the Scottish nobility

91
Q

How much did foreign policy cost for Henry between 1511 and 1513?

A

£1-£2 million

92
Q

What were the key terms of the Anglo French treaty of 1514?

A
  • Peace

- France agreed to pay the arrears of the pension that Henry VII gave out in the 1490’s

93
Q

How did the balance of power shift in Europe in 1515?

A
  • Francis I became the king of France

- He was young, ambitious and driven for wars

94
Q

Why did Wolsey give the Holy Roman emperor a secret subsidy in 1515?

A
  • to encourage him to attack France

- emperor Maximilian accepted the money and then defected to France

95
Q

Why did Wolsey’s anti-French league of 1515 fail?

A

-Neither emperor Maximilian nor pope Leo X were interested in invading France at this point

96
Q

What was the significance of the 1518 Treaty of London?

A
  • all major European powers united in peace to fight a crusade against the ottomans
  • the first time their had been such a widespread peace treaty
  • heaped political and diplomatic prestige on England
97
Q

What altered the balance of European power in 1519?

A

-Maximilian, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire died and Charles V became emperor of the HRE

98
Q

When did the Field of the Cloth of Gold take place and what was it’s significance?

A

1520- Francis I tried to convince Henry to ally with him against the Habsburgs

99
Q

Why did the Field of the Cloth of Gold have such a short term effect?

A

-Wolsey signed the Treaty of Bruges in 1520, allying England with Charles and the HRE

100
Q

What happened in the 1523 invasion of France?

A
  • Charles V’s troops didn’t turn up and Charles was shown as being unfaithful to Henry
  • Encouraged Henry not to invade France in 1525 when Charles won the Battle of Pavia
101
Q

What was the significance for Henry and England of the battle of Pavia in 1525?

A
  • Francis I was taken prisoner by Charles and the French army was obliterated
  • Henry wanted the crown of France and wanted Charles’ support in an invasion
  • Henry raised the amicable grant to fund the war but Charles refused and soon released Francis

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