Tuberculosis

Question 1

Define Tuberculosis

Answer 1

A GRANULOMUS bacterial infection that is spread through inhaling lung droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person.

Question 2

By how much is tuberculosis death falling every year

Answer 2

2%

Question 3

What Bacteria causes Tuberculosis

Answer 3

Myobacterium Tuberculosis (most common)
Myobacterium Africanum
Myobacterium Bovis

Non tuberculous mybacteria (NTM)
Leprosy

Question 4

What features of Tuberculosis causing bacteria makes the disease difficult to treat quickly

Answer 4

Slow moving

Very thick fatty cell wall

Question 5

Is tuberculosis usually found basally or at the apex (and why)

Answer 5

Apex because the bacteria are aerobic

Question 6

How is tuberculosis spread

Answer 6

Air born

Question 7

How is tuberculosis not spread

Answer 7

Food contamination
Hands
Surfaces
Kissing

Question 8

How is Bovine tuberculosis spread

Answer 8

Unpasteurised Milk

Question 9

What immune response does tuberculosis trigger

Answer 9

T-cell mediated response

Question 10

What damage can the T cell immune response to tuberculosis do to the body

Answer 10

Cause cell damage/cavitation

Question 11

What accumulate to form langhan’s giant cells and what is the accumulation called

Answer 11

Macrophages

Granuloma

Question 12

What can the destroyed lung tissue undergo during tuberculosis infection

Answer 12

Central caseating necrosis

Question 13

What is Central caseating necrosis

Answer 13

Condition of cellular death when the lung cells die and begin to take on a crumbly, dull, white appearance that resembles CHEEESSSEEEEEE

Question 14

What are the three general outcomes of tuberculosis

Answer 14

Cleared/cured
Contained/latent
Progressive disease

Question 15

What percentage of people get cleared/cured from tuberculosis

Answer 15

85%

Question 16

What are two progressions of tuberculosis that are deadly

Answer 16

Tuberculous Bronchopneumonia

Miliary Tuberculosis

Question 17

What happens in Tuberculous Bronchopneumonia

Answer 17

Increased cavitation
Hilar lymph nodes enlarged and compress bronchi causing lobar collapse
Enlarged lymph nodes discharge into bronchus

Question 18

What happens in Miliary Tuberculosis

Answer 18

The bacteria spreads to multiple organs

Widespread small granulomas

Question 19

What are the two hypothesis for Post primary disease

Answer 19

TB enter dormant stage

A balanced state of replication/destruction is found in the body

Question 20

What does the patient present with in Tuberculosis

Answer 20

Sweat (mainly at night)
Fever
Weight lose

Cough

Question 21

What are the clinical signs of Tuberculosis

Answer 21

Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Pleural effusion
Miliary spread

Question 22

What is the biggest indicator of Tuberculosis in children

Answer 22

Enlarged lymph nodes

Question 23

What investigations should you do for Tuberculosis

Answer 23

GET A SPUTUM SAMPLE (if cant then induce)

3 sputum samples with 8-24hr gap + 1 at early morning

Question 24

Whats the minimum time for tuberculosis treatment

Answer 24

6 months

Question 25

What drugs are used for tuberculosis treatment and what are the side effects

Answer 25

Rifampicin - Irn bru tears/urine and hepatitis
Isoniazid - Hepatitis and neuropathy
Pyrazinamide - Hepatitis and Gout
Ethambutol - Optic Neuropathy

RIPE (P&E for 2 months and R&I for 6)

Question 26

Who is given B-C-G vaccinations

Answer 26

Those in risk groups