Tuberculosis Flashcards
Define Tuberculosis
A GRANULOMUS bacterial infection that is spread through inhaling lung droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person.
By how much is tuberculosis death falling every year
2%
What Bacteria causes Tuberculosis
Myobacterium Tuberculosis (most common)
Myobacterium Africanum
Myobacterium Bovis
Non tuberculous mybacteria (NTM)
Leprosy
What features of Tuberculosis causing bacteria makes the disease difficult to treat quickly
Slow moving
Very thick fatty cell wall
Is tuberculosis usually found basally or at the apex (and why)
Apex because the bacteria are aerobic
How is tuberculosis spread
Air born
How is tuberculosis not spread
Food contamination
Hands
Surfaces
Kissing
How is Bovine tuberculosis spread
Unpasteurised Milk
What immune response does tuberculosis trigger
T-cell mediated response
What damage can the T cell immune response to tuberculosis do to the body
Cause cell damage/cavitation
What accumulate to form langhan’s giant cells and what is the accumulation called
Macrophages
Granuloma
What can the destroyed lung tissue undergo during tuberculosis infection
Central caseating necrosis
What is Central caseating necrosis
Condition of cellular death when the lung cells die and begin to take on a crumbly, dull, white appearance that resembles CHEEESSSEEEEEE
What are the three general outcomes of tuberculosis
Cleared/cured
Contained/latent
Progressive disease
What percentage of people get cleared/cured from tuberculosis
85%
What are two progressions of tuberculosis that are deadly
Tuberculous Bronchopneumonia
Miliary Tuberculosis
What happens in Tuberculous Bronchopneumonia
Increased cavitation
Hilar lymph nodes enlarged and compress bronchi causing lobar collapse
Enlarged lymph nodes discharge into bronchus
What happens in Miliary Tuberculosis
The bacteria spreads to multiple organs
Widespread small granulomas
What are the two hypothesis for Post primary disease
TB enter dormant stage
A balanced state of replication/destruction is found in the body
What does the patient present with in Tuberculosis
Sweat (mainly at night)
Fever
Weight lose
Cough
What are the clinical signs of Tuberculosis
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Pleural effusion
Miliary spread
What is the biggest indicator of Tuberculosis in children
Enlarged lymph nodes
What investigations should you do for Tuberculosis
GET A SPUTUM SAMPLE (if cant then induce)
3 sputum samples with 8-24hr gap + 1 at early morning
Whats the minimum time for tuberculosis treatment
6 months
What drugs are used for tuberculosis treatment and what are the side effects
Rifampicin - Irn bru tears/urine and hepatitis
Isoniazid - Hepatitis and neuropathy
Pyrazinamide - Hepatitis and Gout
Ethambutol - Optic Neuropathy
RIPE (P&E for 2 months and R&I for 6)
Who is given B-C-G vaccinations
Those in risk groups
