TU Genomics of ancient DNA of past, present and future 17/10

Question 1

Abstract

Answer 1

The presentation explores the field of ancient DNA (aDNA) research, focusing on its applications in understanding human evolution, ancestry, and disease. It discusses challenges like DNA degradation and contamination, as well as sampling techniques to mitigate these issues. The development of sequencing technologies such as shotgun sequencing and hybridization DNA capture is highlighted. The presentation covers the impact of aDNA on areas such as paleo-epidemiology, kinship, and social structures. Several case studies illustrate how ancient DNA contributes to our knowledge of human migration, genetic drift, and the co-evolution of humans with pathogens. The future of aDNA research promises further advancements in understanding human history and health.

Question 2

Ancient DNA (aDNA)

Answer 2

• Application: it offers insights into various fields like archaeology (sex identification, kinship, migration), paleo-epidemiology (genetic disorders, microbiomes), and evolutionary biology. It helps trace human ancestry, social structures, and interaction between species.
• Challenges: Degradation (fragmentation, loss, chemical modification) and Contamination (other people, microbes): aDNA is often fragmented or chemically altered, and contamination from microbes or modern humans complicates analysis. Methods like clean sampling (e.g. from Petrous bone or teeth) and UV-C light are used to mitigate contamination.

Question 3

Introgression

Answer 3

when two closely related species interbreed, and the offspring (hybrids) mate with individuals of one of the parent species, allowing for the incorporation of genes from one species into the gene pool of another

Introgression is the stable incorporation of genes of one ‘population’ (or species) into the genome of another ‘population’ (or species

Question 4

Plastids

Answer 4

are a group of organelles found in the cells of plants and algae. They are involved in various metabolic activities and are essential for several cellular functions

Question 5

transposon domestication

Answer 5

refers to the process by which transposable elements (often called “jumping genes”) are co-opted by host organisms for beneficial functions.