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Tsunami Earthquake things Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of Earthquake

A

the vibrations in the ground that result from the movement along breaks in Earth’s lithosphere

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2
Q

Definition of Fault

A

a fracture in the lithosphere where one block of rock moves toward, away from, or past another. Rocks bend as stress is put on them

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3
Q

Definition of Stress

A

the force exerted when an object presses on, against or pulls on another object (this occurs from the tectonic plates)

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4
Q

How is the intensity determined?

A

by the distance the rocks move along the fault and how much stress builds up before the rocks move

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5
Q

What are the three types of fault movements?

A

normal, reverse, strike-slip

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6
Q

What type of tectonic plate movement causes normal faults?

A

divergent

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7
Q

What type of tectonic plate movement causes reverse faults?

A

convergent

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8
Q

What type of tectonic plate movement causes strike-slip faults?

A

transform

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9
Q

Definition of Focus

A

the point underground where rocks first begin to move. Seismic waves travel outward from the earthquakes focus

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10
Q

Definition of Seismic Waves

A

the energy waves that travel as vibrations caused by earthquakes (these waves travel in all directions)

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11
Q

What are the three types of Seismic Waves?

A

Primary (fastest wave), Secondary (half as fast), Surface (slowest)

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12
Q

What are the three types of fault movements?

A

Normal, reverse, strike-slip

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13
Q

Definition of Epicenter

A

the point on earth’s surface directly above the focus

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14
Q

Definition of Seismograph

A

a device that constantly records movement of the ground. By studying seismographs once can find the location and strength of earthquake and focus

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15
Q

What is Aftershock?

A

a smaller earthquake that follows a more powerful earthquake

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16
Q

about __% of all earthquakes happen around the edges of the _______ _____

A

80%, pacific ocean

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17
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

Cause of a tsunami/dam breaking. Soil becomes soupy mud and cannot support structures anymore.

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18
Q

Name three methods to make buildings safer.

A
  • Designed to reduce amount of ash
  • Use base isolators, making the shaking slower and smoother
  • Build an open space around buildings, causing a gentle shake
  • Steel support walls
  • Cross braces on walls
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19
Q

Why do scientists study seismic activity along faults

A

to predict earthquakes

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20
Q

Name two things scientists study to predict an earthquake.

A
  • Changes or tilts in the ground
  • Slow movement or stretching of rocks
  • The development of cracks in the ground
21
Q

How do you find the location of an earthquake

A
  1. find the difference between the arrival times of the primary and secondary waves
  2. the time difference is used to determine the distance of the epicenter from each station. The grater the difference in time, the greater the distance the epicenter is
  3. a circle is drawn around each station with a radius corresponding to the epicenter’s distance from that station. The point where the three circles meet is the epicenter
22
Q

What do P and S waves do?

A

they change the speed and direction of seismic waves and they travel at different depths within Earth’s interior

23
Q

Why can’t S-waves travel through the outer core

A

because its liquid

24
Q

What are the inner core and other core mostly composed of

A

iron and nickel

25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Seismic waves tend to slow down as they travel through hot material and are slower in areas in the mantle. They are faster in cool areas of the mantle near subduction zones.

A

true

26
Q

Deep earthquakes occur along what tectonic plates

A

convergent tectonic plates

27
Q

Shallow earthquakes occur along what tectonic plates

A

divergent tectonic plates

28
Q

What kind of earthquakes are the most damaging

A

transform tectonic plates

29
Q

Scientists discovered change in the earth interior from studying what?

A

seismic waves

30
Q

A break in the earth’s lithosphere where rocks move towards and away from

A

earthquake

31
Q

Which waves arrive first at the seismograph station

A

primary

32
Q

What are the 3 stations that are used to measure the epicenter

A

triangulation

33
Q

What waves happpen when there’s an earthquake and the land goes up and down

A

surface waves

34
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

normal fault, rocks go down

A

true

35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

reversed fault, land goes up

A

true

36
Q

What happens when a fault is on the surface and the land passes each other

A

strike-slip

37
Q

Definition of magnitude

A

amount of energy released by an earthquake

38
Q

Moment Magnitude Scale

A

determines the amount of energy release by earthquakes

39
Q

Richter scale

A

determines how fast the ground moves

40
Q

Modified Mercalli

A

determines earthquakes intensity based on descriptions of the effects

41
Q

Definition of surface wave

A

move along the earth’s surface not the interior. Travel the slowest. Cause greatest ground movement and damage

42
Q

Definition of primary waves

A

fastest wave, first to reach any location after earthquake. Particles of material are pushed together and pulled apart

43
Q

Definition on secondary waves

A

travel half as fast, second wave to reach a location after an earthquake. Particles are shaken up, down,, side to side. Secondary waves can not travel through liquids

44
Q

What fault line is it where rocks pull apart

A

normal

45
Q

What measures the earth’s magnitude

A

richter scale

46
Q

Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries along what ocean

A

pacific ocean

47
Q

What direction do seismic waves travel

A

all directions

48
Q

Definition of stress

A

force exerted on an object when presses or pulls against another

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