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Tsarist Russia > Tsarist Russia > Flashcards

Tsarist Russia Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Crimean War?

A

1853-56

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2
Q

Out of 25 million men subject to military service during the Crimean War, how many were in the standing army?

A

1.4 Million

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3
Q

When was Alexander II Tsar?

A

1855-81

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4
Q

When were Serfs emancipated?

A

1861

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5
Q

What was the expected outcome of the Emancipation of Serfdom?

A

Freer peasants, greater incentive to work, grain surplus, exports of grain providing money for landowners/state, investment in industry, free peasants able to move to towns to work in industry

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6
Q

How many peasant disturbances were there after Emancipation?

A

647 i.e. Behzna, 70 killed

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7
Q

Give three reasons as to why Alexander II reformed many areas of Tsarism

A
  • Defeat in the Crimean War
  • Compete with Western European Powers
  • Influenced by liberal ministers i.e Milyutin (Internal Affairs), and family members i.e. Grand Duke Constantine (Brother)
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8
Q

What did the economy rely on prior to Alexander II’s Reforms?

A

Serfdom, which produced grain

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9
Q

What concessions did Alexander II give to ethnic minorities and when did he give them?

A

Decrees in 1864 and 1875 allowing Estonians and Latvians to revert to Lutheranism

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10
Q

When was the Polish Revolt?

A

1863

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11
Q

When was the zemstva created?

A

1864

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12
Q

Give an example of Alexander II’s reforms in the church

A

Ecclesiastical Commission set up in 1862 to look into organisation and practice of church

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13
Q

Give an example of a censorship reform under Alexander II and when was it introduced?

A

1865, the press was allowed to print editorials and comment on government policy

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14
Q

Give an example of a reform in education during Alexander II’s Reactionary Period

A

Subjects which required critical thought banned

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15
Q

Give an example of a policing change during Alexander II’s reactionary period

A

Secret police activity increased, Shuvalov became head of Third Section

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16
Q

Give an example of a reform in the Loris Melikov Constitution

A

Release of political prisoners

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17
Q

When was Alexander III Tsar?

A

1881-1894

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18
Q

Who tutored Alexander III and what were his views?

A

Pobedonostev, conservatist, anti-Semitic, viewed liberal ideas as threat to state

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19
Q

When did Alexander III reduce redemption payments for Serfs?

A

1881

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20
Q

Give an example of Alexander III’s reforms in education

A

He issued a university statute in 1884 to reduce student power

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21
Q

When were land captains introduced by Alexander III and what did they do?

A

1889, could override zemstva elections and disregard zemstva decisions

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22
Q

What fraction of the population were Slavs and how many ethnic groups were there in Russia?

A

2/3 Slavs, 100+ ethnic groups

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23
Q

Give two examples of Russification Alexander III imposes on Poles and Ukrainians

A

Polish language not allowed in schools, Ukrainian language not allowed in books or theatre shows

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24
Q

How many Muslims were forced to convert to Orthodox Church due to Alexander III’s Russification Policies?

A

100000

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25
Q

Give an example of a Jewish pogrom

A

1881 in Warsaw

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26
Q

When were the May Laws and give an example of one?

A

1882, forbid Jews to do business on Sundays

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27
Q

How many Jews were expelled from Moscow in 1892?

A

20,000

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28
Q

When was Von Reutern Finance Minister?

A

1862-78

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29
Q

When was Vyshnegradsky finance minister?

A

1887-1892

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30
Q

Name two industrial areas which were opened up through the railway.

A

Oil Extraction in the Caspian Sea in 1871 and oil fields in Caucasus under Witte

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31
Q

Give an example of Von Reutern’s reforms

A

Tax farming abolished

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32
Q

When were hours of work reduced to 11 and a half?

A

1897

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33
Q

Towards the end of the 1890s how much metallurgical production was consumed by the railways?

A

60%

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34
Q

How many miles of railway had been built by 1913?

A

45,000

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35
Q

Who was involved and how many rails were built for the Trans-Siberian Railway?

A

25 factories were involved in producing 39 million doubles worth of rails

36
Q

How much did foreign investment increase by from 1895 to 1914?

A

280 million roubles to 2000 million roubles (1720 million increase)

37
Q

How many members of the middle class were there in 1897?

A

Half a million

38
Q

When was Sergei Witte finance minister?

A

1892-1903

39
Q

When did Witte introduce the Gold Standard?

A

1897

40
Q

When did Land and Liberty form?

A

1877

41
Q

What did Land and Liberty split into in 1879?

A

Black Repartition (lead by Plekhanov) and People’s Will (lead by Mikhailov)

42
Q

When was the Emancipation of Labour founded?

A

1883 (by Plekhanov)

43
Q

When did the Social Democrats form?

A

1898 (Emancipation of Labour joined with other Marxist groups)

44
Q

When did the Social Revolutionaries form?

A

1901 (lead by Chernov)

45
Q

When was Bogolepov assassinated by the Social Revolutionaries?

A

1901

46
Q

Who was Prince Lvov?

A

He became chairman of All-Russian Union of Zemstvos in 1915, and was head of early provisional government

47
Q

When did the Social Democrats split?

A

1903 (into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks)

48
Q

What was formed by Struve in 1903?

A

The Union of Liberation

49
Q

How many reform banquets were there in 1904?

A

50

50
Q

When was Nicholas II Tsar?

A

1894-1917

51
Q

When was the Bloody Sunday Massacre and how many demonstrators were killed?

A

January 1905, around 250 killed

52
Q

How many soldiers were killed during the Battle of Mukden in March 1905?

A

90,000

53
Q

How many workers were on strike by the autumn of 1905?

A

2,500,000

54
Q

Give two examples of mutinies during the 1905 revolution

A

Kronstadt and Potemkin (resulting in around 2000 deaths)

55
Q

Who organised the General Strike in Moscow in 1905 and how many went on strike?

A

St Petersburg Soviet (chaired by Trotsky), 400,000

56
Q

How many people went on strike in Russian Poland during the 1905 revolution?

A

400,000

57
Q

How the SRs act during the 1905 revolution?

A

Assassinated military governor, Shuvalov and formed All-Russian Peasant Union to coordinate peasant action

58
Q

Which group was used recover Tsarist Authority after the 1905 revolution?

A

Black Hundreds

59
Q

What happened to the St Petersburg Soviet after the 1905 revolution?

A

All 300 members arrested including Trotsky

60
Q

When was the October Manifesto announced and what did it promos?

A

October 1905, a national constituent assembly

61
Q

How many peasants were arrested and deported after the 1905 revolution?

A

15000 arrested, 45000 deported

62
Q

What were the Fundamental Laws and when were they introduced?

A

1906, they gave the Tsar the power to dissolve the Dumas and issue decrees in their absence, gave Tsar supreme administrative power

63
Q

When we’re redemption payments abolished?

A

January 1907

64
Q

Up to the 1914, what percentage of land was still strip farmed?

A

90%

65
Q

What percentage of peasants earned Kulak status?

A

<1%

66
Q

When was the Lena Goldfields Massacre and how many workers were killed?

A

1912, 270 killed

67
Q

Give an example of a success Stolypin had when working with the Duma

A

Land reforms in Third Duma, allowed peasants to move away from Mir, giving peasant permanent ownership of their land

68
Q

Give an example of a failure Stolypin had when working with the Duma

A

In 1907, Duma suspended twice to pass legislation under emergency provisions (Stolypins agrarian reforms)

69
Q

Why were there more agreements in the Third and Fourth Dumas?

A

Stolypin changed the electoral system to favour the gentry and reduce representation of peasants and workers

70
Q

What did Rasputin cause the Tsar?

A

His corrupt behaviour and influence over appointments caused resentment and damage the reputation of the Tsar

71
Q

When did the Tsar become the Commander-in-Chief?

A

1915

72
Q

How many Russians were killed at the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914?

A

300,000

73
Q

What significantly weakened the Provisional Government?

A

Not an elected body, Order No. 1 gave control of the army to Petrograd Soviet (March 1917)

73
Q

When was the Summer Offensive and how many deaths did it result in?

A

June 1917, 100,000s of soldiers killed and many more deserted

74
Q

Give an economic and social cost of the war in Russia?

A

14,500 million roubles in 1918, peasants hoarded grain due to the government offering too low prices

75
Q

How many soldiers deserted the war between March and May 1917?

A

365,000

77
Q

What areas did the provisional government work well in with the Petrograd Soviet?

A

Amnesty for those charged with religious, political or terrorist crimes, freedom of speech, of the press and to form trade unions, abolition of secret police

78
Q

How many workers demonstrated in Petrograd in February 1917?

A

200,000

79
Q

How many peasant land seizures were there during the provisional government’s rule

A

247

80
Q

What did the April Theses demand?

A

All power to Soviets, war ended, provisional government removed

81
Q

Between February and July 1917, how many factories closed in Petrograd and how many jobs were lost?

A

568 factories closed, 100,000 jobs lost

82
Q

How many armed sailors marched from Kronstadt during the July Days?

A

20,000

83
Q

When was the Kornilov Affair

A

August 1917

84
Q

What did Trotsky run during the Bolshevik’s October 1917 revolution?

A

He ran the Military Revolution Committee and headed the Petrograd Soviet

85
Q

How much of the vote did the Bolshevik receive in the October Moscow Municipal Elections

A

58%

Tsarist Russia (1 decks)

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