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Tsarist Russia Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Crimean War?

A

1853-56

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2
Q

Out of 25 million men subject to military service during the Crimean War, how many were in the standing army?

A

1.4 Million

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3
Q

When was Alexander II Tsar?

A

1855-81

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4
Q

When were Serfs emancipated?

A

1861

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5
Q

What was the expected outcome of the Emancipation of Serfdom?

A

Freer peasants, greater incentive to work, grain surplus, exports of grain providing money for landowners/state, investment in industry, free peasants able to move to towns to work in industry

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6
Q

How many peasant disturbances were there after Emancipation?

A

647 i.e. Behzna, 70 killed

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7
Q

Give three reasons as to why Alexander II reformed many areas of Tsarism

A
  • Defeat in the Crimean War
  • Compete with Western European Powers
  • Influenced by liberal ministers i.e Milyutin (Internal Affairs), and family members i.e. Grand Duke Constantine (Brother)
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8
Q

What did the economy rely on prior to Alexander II’s Reforms?

A

Serfdom, which produced grain

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9
Q

What concessions did Alexander II give to ethnic minorities and when did he give them?

A

Decrees in 1864 and 1875 allowing Estonians and Latvians to revert to Lutheranism

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10
Q

When was the Polish Revolt?

A

1863

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11
Q

When was the zemstva created?

A

1864

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12
Q

Give an example of Alexander II’s reforms in the church

A

Ecclesiastical Commission set up in 1862 to look into organisation and practice of church

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13
Q

Give an example of a censorship reform under Alexander II and when was it introduced?

A

1865, the press was allowed to print editorials and comment on government policy

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14
Q

Give an example of a reform in education during Alexander II’s Reactionary Period

A

Subjects which required critical thought banned

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15
Q

Give an example of a policing change during Alexander II’s reactionary period

A

Secret police activity increased, Shuvalov became head of Third Section

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16
Q

Give an example of a reform in the Loris Melikov Constitution

A

Release of political prisoners

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17
Q

When was Alexander III Tsar?

A

1881-1894

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18
Q

Who tutored Alexander III and what were his views?

A

Pobedonostev, conservatist, anti-Semitic, viewed liberal ideas as threat to state

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19
Q

When did Alexander III reduce redemption payments for Serfs?

A

1881

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20
Q

Give an example of Alexander III’s reforms in education

A

He issued a university statute in 1884 to reduce student power

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21
Q

When were land captains introduced by Alexander III and what did they do?

A

1889, could override zemstva elections and disregard zemstva decisions

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22
Q

What fraction of the population were Slavs and how many ethnic groups were there in Russia?

A

2/3 Slavs, 100+ ethnic groups

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23
Q

Give two examples of Russification Alexander III imposes on Poles and Ukrainians

A

Polish language not allowed in schools, Ukrainian language not allowed in books or theatre shows

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24
Q

How many Muslims were forced to convert to Orthodox Church due to Alexander III’s Russification Policies?

A

100000

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25
Give an example of a Jewish pogrom
1881 in Warsaw
26
When were the May Laws and give an example of one?
1882, forbid Jews to do business on Sundays
27
How many Jews were expelled from Moscow in 1892?
20,000
28
When was Von Reutern Finance Minister?
1862-78
29
When was Vyshnegradsky finance minister?
1887-1892
30
Name two industrial areas which were opened up through the railway.
Oil Extraction in the Caspian Sea in 1871 and oil fields in Caucasus under Witte
31
Give an example of Von Reutern’s reforms
Tax farming abolished
32
When were hours of work reduced to 11 and a half?
1897
33
Towards the end of the 1890s how much metallurgical production was consumed by the railways?
60%
34
How many miles of railway had been built by 1913?
45,000
35
Who was involved and how many rails were built for the Trans-Siberian Railway?
25 factories were involved in producing 39 million doubles worth of rails
36
How much did foreign investment increase by from 1895 to 1914?
280 million roubles to 2000 million roubles (1720 million increase)
37
How many members of the middle class were there in 1897?
Half a million
38
When was Sergei Witte finance minister?
1892-1903
39
When did Witte introduce the Gold Standard?
1897
40
When did Land and Liberty form?
1877
41
What did Land and Liberty split into in 1879?
Black Repartition (lead by Plekhanov) and People’s Will (lead by Mikhailov)
42
When was the Emancipation of Labour founded?
1883 (by Plekhanov)
43
When did the Social Democrats form?
1898 (Emancipation of Labour joined with other Marxist groups)
44
When did the Social Revolutionaries form?
1901 (lead by Chernov)
45
When was Bogolepov assassinated by the Social Revolutionaries?
1901
46
Who was Prince Lvov?
He became chairman of All-Russian Union of Zemstvos in 1915, and was head of early provisional government
47
When did the Social Democrats split?
1903 (into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks)
48
What was formed by Struve in 1903?
The Union of Liberation
49
How many reform banquets were there in 1904?
50
50
When was Nicholas II Tsar?
1894-1917
51
When was the Bloody Sunday Massacre and how many demonstrators were killed?
January 1905, around 250 killed
52
How many soldiers were killed during the Battle of Mukden in March 1905?
90,000
53
How many workers were on strike by the autumn of 1905?
2,500,000
54
Give two examples of mutinies during the 1905 revolution
Kronstadt and Potemkin (resulting in around 2000 deaths)
55
Who organised the General Strike in Moscow in 1905 and how many went on strike?
St Petersburg Soviet (chaired by Trotsky), 400,000
56
How many people went on strike in Russian Poland during the 1905 revolution?
400,000
57
How the SRs act during the 1905 revolution?
Assassinated military governor, Shuvalov and formed All-Russian Peasant Union to coordinate peasant action
58
Which group was used recover Tsarist Authority after the 1905 revolution?
Black Hundreds
59
What happened to the St Petersburg Soviet after the 1905 revolution?
All 300 members arrested including Trotsky
60
When was the October Manifesto announced and what did it promos?
October 1905, a national constituent assembly
61
How many peasants were arrested and deported after the 1905 revolution?
15000 arrested, 45000 deported
62
What were the Fundamental Laws and when were they introduced?
1906, they gave the Tsar the power to dissolve the Dumas and issue decrees in their absence, gave Tsar supreme administrative power
63
When we’re redemption payments abolished?
January 1907
64
Up to the 1914, what percentage of land was still strip farmed?
90%
65
What percentage of peasants earned Kulak status?
<1%
66
When was the Lena Goldfields Massacre and how many workers were killed?
1912, 270 killed
67
Give an example of a success Stolypin had when working with the Duma
Land reforms in Third Duma, allowed peasants to move away from Mir, giving peasant permanent ownership of their land
68
Give an example of a failure Stolypin had when working with the Duma
In 1907, Duma suspended twice to pass legislation under emergency provisions (Stolypins agrarian reforms)
69
Why were there more agreements in the Third and Fourth Dumas?
Stolypin changed the electoral system to favour the gentry and reduce representation of peasants and workers
70
What did Rasputin cause the Tsar?
His corrupt behaviour and influence over appointments caused resentment and damage the reputation of the Tsar
71
When did the Tsar become the Commander-in-Chief?
1915
72
How many Russians were killed at the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914?
300,000
73
What significantly weakened the Provisional Government?
Not an elected body, Order No. 1 gave control of the army to Petrograd Soviet (March 1917)
73
When was the Summer Offensive and how many deaths did it result in?
June 1917, 100,000s of soldiers killed and many more deserted
74
Give an economic and social cost of the war in Russia?
14,500 million roubles in 1918, peasants hoarded grain due to the government offering too low prices
75
How many soldiers deserted the war between March and May 1917?
365,000
77
What areas did the provisional government work well in with the Petrograd Soviet?
Amnesty for those charged with religious, political or terrorist crimes, freedom of speech, of the press and to form trade unions, abolition of secret police
78
How many workers demonstrated in Petrograd in February 1917?
200,000
79
How many peasant land seizures were there during the provisional government’s rule
247
80
What did the April Theses demand?
All power to Soviets, war ended, provisional government removed
81
Between February and July 1917, how many factories closed in Petrograd and how many jobs were lost?
568 factories closed, 100,000 jobs lost
82
How many armed sailors marched from Kronstadt during the July Days?
20,000
83
When was the Kornilov Affair
August 1917
84
What did Trotsky run during the Bolshevik’s October 1917 revolution?
He ran the Military Revolution Committee and headed the Petrograd Soviet
85
How much of the vote did the Bolshevik receive in the October Moscow Municipal Elections
58%

Tsarist Russia (1 decks)

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