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TSAC-F Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common characteristics of muscle during movement?

A
  • Force production
  • Excitability
  • Contractility
  • Extensibility
  • Elasticity

These characteristics enable muscles to generate movement and respond to stimuli.

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2
Q

What are the roles of muscles during movement?

A
  • Agonists
  • Antagonists
  • Synergists
  • Stabilizers
  • Neutralizers

These roles indicate how different muscles work together to facilitate movement.

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3
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of a muscle?

A

Myofibril

Myofibrils contain actin and myosin filaments that create sarcomeres, the basic contractile units of muscle.

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4
Q

What is a muscle fiber?

A

A muscle fiber, also called a myocyte, is a single muscle cell that contains many myofibrils.

Muscle fibers can vary in size from a few micrometers to several millimeters in length.

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5
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

A fascicle is a bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the perimysium.

Fascicles vary in size and are responsible for generating force.

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6
Q

What is the structure of a muscle from smallest to largest functional unit?

A
  • Myofibril
  • Muscle fiber
  • Fascicle
  • Muscle
  • Muscle group

This structure reflects the organization of muscle tissue.

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7
Q

How does a muscle generate force?

A

Through the sliding filament theory involving: * Nerve impulse
* Calcium release
* Cross-bridge formation
* Power stroke
* Cross-bridge detachment
* Calcium reuptake

This process explains muscle contraction and force generation.

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8
Q

What are the types of muscle action that produce force?

A
  • Concentric muscle action
  • Eccentric muscle action
  • Isometric muscle action

Each type of muscle action has different mechanical implications during exercise.

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9
Q

What are the structural components of bone?

A
  • Collagen fibers
  • Hydroxyapatite crystals
  • Osteocytes
  • Haversian canals
  • Bone marrow

These components contribute to the strength and functionality of bone.

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10
Q

What are the structural components of cartilage?

A
  • Chondrocytes
  • Collagen fibers
  • Proteoglycans
  • Perichondrium
  • Synovial fluid

These components provide cartilage with its unique properties and functionality.

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11
Q

What exercise-related adaptations occur within bone?

A
  • Increased mineralization
  • Improved bone geometry
  • Increased bone turnover
  • Increased mechanical loading

These adaptations enhance bone density and strength.

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12
Q

What are the acute responses of the cardiopulmonary system to aerobic exercise?

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased stroke volume
  • Increased cardiac output
  • Increased respiratory rate
  • Increased oxygen uptake

These responses support the body’s increased demand for oxygen during exercise.

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13
Q

What are the chronic adaptations of the cardiopulmonary system in response to aerobic exercise?

A
  • Increased stroke volume
  • Increased cardiac output
  • Increased VO2 max
  • Increased capillary density

These adaptations improve cardiovascular and respiratory efficiency.

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14
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A basic functional unit of the neuromuscular system consisting of a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

Motor unit size varies by muscle and affects strength and power capabilities.

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of Type I muscle fibers?

A
  • Contract slowly
  • Highly resistant to fatigue
  • Used for low-intensity, long-duration activities
  • Rich in mitochondria

Type I fibers are crucial for endurance activities.

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Type IIa muscle fibers?

A
  • Contract rapidly
  • Somewhat resistant to fatigue
  • Used for moderate force and endurance activities
  • Moderate number of mitochondria

Type IIa fibers are versatile and support both strength and endurance.

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of Type IIx muscle fibers?

A
  • Contract very rapidly
  • Fatigue quickly
  • Primarily used for high-intensity activities

Type IIx fibers are designed for power and strength.

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18
Q

What are Type IIa muscle fibers?

A

Fast-Twitch or ‘Intermediate’ fibers that contract rapidly and are somewhat resistant to fatigue.

Primarily used for moderate force and endurance activities like sprinting and middle-distance running.

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Type IIx muscle fibers?

A

Fast-Twitch or ‘Power’ fibers that contract very rapidly and fatigue quickly.

Primarily used for high-intensity, short-duration activities such as jumping and weightlifting.

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20
Q

What is the function of muscle spindles?

A

Detect changes in muscle length and rate of change in muscle length (stretch).

They play a role in regulating muscle tone and maintaining posture.

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21
Q

Where are Golgi tendon organs located?

A

In the tendons of skeletal muscle, near their attachment to bone.

They detect changes in tension within the tendon.

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22
Q

What does the Golgi tendon reflex do?

A

Inhibits the motor neuron that activates muscle fibers to protect the muscle from excessive tension or force.

It regulates muscle activation during high force production activities.

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23
Q

How does the neuromuscular system regulate force production?

A

By coordinating the activation of motor units within muscles.

The number and rate of motor unit activation depend on task force requirements and sensory feedback.

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24
Q

What is the size principle in motor unit recruitment?

A

Smaller, low-threshold motor units are activated first, followed by larger, high-threshold units as force demands increase.

This minimizes the risk of muscle damage.

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25
What happens to motor unit recruitment during endurance exercise?
A large number of motor units are recruited, primarily slow-twitch (Type I) fibers, to sustain activity. ## Footnote Fast-twitch fibers may also be recruited as intensity increases.
26
What adaptations occur in the neuromuscular system due to muscular strength training?
Improvements in force production, rate of force development, and neuromuscular coordination. ## Footnote Involves adaptations in motor unit recruitment and muscle fiber type recruitment.
27
What is muscle torque?
The torque generated by the muscle itself during movement. ## Footnote It is opposed by resistive torque, which is the torque acting in the opposite direction.
28
How can torque be manipulated to change muscle force requirements?
By altering lever arm length, external load, or angle of application of the external load. ## Footnote This can increase mechanical advantage or change required muscle force.
29
What are the three types of lever systems?
1. First-class levers 2. Second-class levers 3. Third-class levers ## Footnote Their relationship to mechanical advantage varies based on the position of the load, effort, and fulcrum.
30
What factors affect muscle strength?
1. Joint angle 2. Muscle length 3. Velocity of contraction 4. Muscle fiber type 5. Muscle cross-sectional area 6. Neural factors ## Footnote These factors are interrelated and influence force production.
31
What is the force-velocity curve?
Describes the relationship between force production and muscular velocity during contraction. ## Footnote At high force levels, velocity is low; as velocity increases, force production decreases.
32
What is the length-tension relationship in muscle force production?
Optimal force production occurs when the muscle is at a moderate length for maximum actin and myosin interaction. ## Footnote Too short or too stretched reduces force production.
33
What determines the role of a muscle as an agonist?
The muscle responsible for the primary movement at a joint, generating the necessary force to overcome resistance. ## Footnote Example: The bicep during a bicep curl.
34
What is the difference between isometric, concentric, and eccentric muscle actions?
Isometric: muscle length remains the same; Concentric: muscle shortens while contracting; Eccentric: muscle lengthens while contracting. ## Footnote Each action affects force production differently.
35
What is the role of an agonist muscle during movement?
An agonist muscle is responsible for the primary movement at a joint and generates the necessary force to overcome any resistance. ## Footnote Example: During a bicep curl, the bicep muscle is the agonist.
36
What is the role of an antagonist muscle during movement?
An antagonist muscle opposes the action of the agonist muscle and helps to control the movement at the joint. ## Footnote Example: During a bicep curl, the triceps muscle is the antagonist.
37
What is the role of a synergist muscle during movement?
A synergist muscle assists the agonist muscle in performing its action, either by contributing additional force or by helping to stabilize the joint. ## Footnote Example: During a bicep curl, the brachialis muscle is a synergist.
38
What is the role of a stabilizer muscle during movement?
A stabilizer muscle acts to stabilize the joint and prevent unwanted movement. ## Footnote Example: During a bicep curl, the muscles in the shoulder girdle act as stabilizers to keep the shoulder joint in place.
39
Identify and describe the ATP-PCr system.
The ATP-PCr system is the primary energy system used during high-intensity, short-duration activities such as weightlifting or sprinting. It relies on the breakdown of stored creatine phosphate to rapidly produce ATP.
40
Identify and describe the glycolytic system.
The glycolytic system is the primary energy system used during moderate to high-intensity exercise lasting between 30 seconds and 3 minutes. It relies on the breakdown of stored glucose (glycogen) to produce ATP.
41
Identify and describe the oxidative system.
The oxidative system is the primary energy system used during low to moderate-intensity exercise lasting longer than 3 minutes. It relies on the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and, to a lesser extent, protein to produce ATP.
42
How do the three energy systems interact during exercise?
The three energy systems are interconnected and work together to provide energy during exercise. The ATP-PCr system provides energy during the initial few seconds of exercise while the other systems ramp up to provide sustained energy production.
43
What training variables affect the development of energy systems?
Training variables such as exercise intensity, duration, frequency, and mode can affect the development and adaptations of the energy systems. ## Footnote Example: High-intensity interval training can lead to adaptations in the ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems.
44
Define aerobic endurance.
Aerobic endurance is the ability of the body to perform prolonged, moderate-to-high-intensity exercise using the oxidative energy system to produce energy for the working muscles.
45
What are the adaptations of the cardiopulmonary system to acute aerobic endurance exercise?
Acute aerobic exercise results in an increase in heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output, which in turn increases oxygen delivery to the muscles.
46
What are the chronic adaptations of the cardiopulmonary system to aerobic endurance exercise?
Chronic aerobic endurance exercise results in adaptations such as increased cardiac output, increased capillary density, increased mitochondrial density, and increased oxygen extraction by the muscles.
47
What are the musculoskeletal adaptations to aerobic endurance exercise?
Musculoskeletal adaptations include increased capillary density, increased mitochondrial density, increased myoglobin concentration, and increased oxidative enzyme activity.
48
Define muscular endurance.
Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a submaximal load for an extended period without experiencing fatigue or a decrease in performance.
49
What are the adaptations of the cardiopulmonary system to chronic muscular endurance exercise?
Chronic muscular endurance exercise results in an increase in stroke volume, cardiac output, and blood volume, as well as a decrease in resting heart rate and blood pressure.
50
What are the neural adaptations to muscular endurance exercise?
Neural adaptations include improved motor unit recruitment and synchronization, improved firing rate of motor units, and increased activity of muscle spindle reflexes.
51
What is absolute strength?
Absolute strength refers to the maximum amount of force that a person can generate regardless of their body weight.
52
What is relative strength?
Relative strength takes into account an individual's body weight in relation to their strength, calculated by dividing absolute strength by body weight.
53
What are the acute cardiopulmonary adaptations to strength training exercises?
Acute adaptations include an increase in heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and an elevation in ventilation.
54
What are the chronic adaptations of the cardiopulmonary system to strength training?
Chronic adaptations include increased stroke volume and cardiac output, improved cardiovascular efficiency, enhanced blood flow, and some pulmonary adaptations.
55
What is muscle hypertrophy?
Muscle hypertrophy refers to an increase in muscle size, primarily occurring in type II muscle fibers due to strength training.
56
What are the chronic musculoskeletal adaptations to strength training?
Chronic adaptations include muscle hypertrophy, increased muscle fiber recruitment, enhanced muscle fiber quality, and improved tendon and ligament strength.
57
What is chronic strength training?
An improvement in the ability to recruit and activate a greater number of motor units within the targeted muscles
58
What are the benefits of enhanced muscle fiber quality from strength training?
Increased density of contractile proteins, improved mitochondrial density, greater oxidative enzyme activity
59
How does strength training improve tendon and ligament strength?
Exerts mechanical stress on tendons and ligaments, stimulating adaptive responses
60
What bone adaptations occur due to strength training?
Stimulates bone remodeling and increased bone mineral density
61
What adaptations occur in connective tissues due to strength training?
Stronger and more resistant to injury, supporting stability and integrity of the musculoskeletal system
62
What factors influence chronic musculoskeletal adaptations to strength training?
* Training variables (intensity, volume, frequency) * Genetics * Nutrition * Individual characteristics
63
What are acute neural adaptations during strength training?
Immediate physiological responses including increased motor unit recruitment and activation
64
Define speed.
The rate at which an object or individual can move or cover a distance within a specific time frame
65
What is agility?
The ability to change direction quickly and efficiently
66
What are acute cardiopulmonary adaptations during speed training?
* Increase in heart rate * Increase in stroke volume * Increase in cardiac output * Elevation in ventilation
67
List chronic cardiopulmonary adaptations to speed training.
* Increased stroke volume and cardiac output * Improved cardiovascular efficiency * Enhanced oxygen transport * Vascular adaptations * Improved anaerobic capacity
68
What are acute musculoskeletal adaptations during speed training?
* Increased muscle fiber recruitment * Improved neuromuscular coordination * Enhanced motor unit activation
69
Describe chronic musculoskeletal adaptations to speed training.
* Increased muscle power and rate of force development * Enhanced muscle fiber properties * Improved neuromuscular coordination and motor control * Increased tendon stiffness and elasticity * Enhanced joint stability and proprioception * Structural adaptations
70
What are acute neural adaptations during speed training?
* Increased motor unit recruitment * Enhanced motor unit activation * Improved neuromuscular coordination
71
Define power.
The ability to generate force quickly, combining both strength and speed
72
What are the acute adaptations of the cardiopulmonary system to power training?
* Increased heart rate * Increased cardiac output * Improved respiratory rate and tidal volume * Enhanced oxygen utilization
73
List chronic adaptations of the cardiopulmonary system to power training.
* Increased stroke volume * Enhanced capillary density * Elevated mitochondrial density
74
What are acute adaptations of the musculoskeletal system to power training?
* Increased muscle fiber recruitment * Improved intermuscular coordination * Enhanced neural activation
75
What is acute power training?
A training method that leads to the recruitment of a greater number of muscle fibers within a specific muscle group, allowing for increased force production during explosive movements.
76
What does acute power training improve in terms of intermuscular coordination?
Enhances the coordination between different muscle groups involved in generating power, leading to more efficient movement patterns and force production.
77
How does acute power training affect neural activation?
Improves the activation of motor units, resulting in synchronized muscle contractions and improved force production.
78
What is muscle hypertrophy in the context of chronic power training?
An increase in muscle fiber size and cross-sectional area, leading to greater muscle mass, strength, and power production capacity.
79
What adaptations occur in tendons and ligaments due to chronic power training?
Tendons and ligaments become stronger and stiffer, improving force transmission from the muscles to the bones and reducing the risk of injury.
80
What are the effects of chronic power training on connective tissue properties?
Induces adaptations such as increased collagen synthesis and improved tissue elasticity, enhancing overall structural integrity and support of the musculoskeletal system.
81
How does chronic power training affect muscle fiber composition?
Can lead to a shift favoring an increase in fast-twitch muscle fibers, which are well-suited for generating power.
82
What are the overall adaptations of the musculoskeletal system to acute and chronic power training?
Increased force production, improved coordination, enhanced muscle size, and better overall power output.
83
What neural adaptations occur during acute power training?
* Motor unit recruitment * Motor unit synchronization * Increased neural drive
84
What is the effect of acute power training on motor unit recruitment?
Enhances the recruitment of motor units, allowing for more muscle fibers to be activated and greater force production.
85
What does increased neural drive in acute power training result in?
Greater force production by stimulating muscles to contract more forcefully during explosive movements.
86
What are the neural adaptations associated with chronic power training?
* Increased motor unit activation * Enhanced motor unit firing rates * Improved neuromuscular coordination
87
How does chronic power training affect motor unit activation over time?
Leads to increased activation of motor units, resulting in improved force production and power output.
88
True or False: Older tactical athletes may require longer recovery periods due to physiological declines.
True
89
What physiological capacities may decline with age in tactical athletes?
* Muscle mass * Strength * Cardiovascular endurance * Flexibility
90
How do sex differences influence physiological training adaptations in tactical athletes?
Males generally have higher levels of muscle mass, strength, and power, while females often have a higher proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers advantageous for endurance.
91
What is the impact of training age on physiological training adaptations?
Novice athletes experience rapid improvements, while experienced athletes may require more advanced methods for further adaptations.
92
Fill in the blank: The amount of training experience is referred to as _______.
[training age]
93
What training adaptations can older tactical athletes still achieve?
* Strength * Power * Cardiovascular fitness * Overall performance
94
What factors should be considered when tailoring training programs for tactical athletes?
Individual variations in age, sex, and training age.

TSAC-F (3 decks)

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