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DAIRY SLIDE > TS01 Management of Dairy Cattle Health and Diseases > Flashcards

TS01 Management of Dairy Cattle Health and Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of maintaining the health of dairy cattle.

A

Higher quality milk
higher productivity
cost savings

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2
Q

Keys to sustain profitability and meet market demands.

A

disease prevention
stress management
proper nutrition

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3
Q

Explain about the disease prevention

A

vaccination programs
nutrition management
biosecurity measures
stress reduction
health monitoring

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4
Q

What are the target diseases in vaccination programs?

A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
(BRSV)
Leptospirosis
Clostridial Diseases

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5
Q

What is the timing and frequency of vaccination?

A
  • ensure the effectiveness
    Newborn: receive colostrum within 6 hours
    Heifers: 6-10 months age
    Adult: 40-60 days before calving
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6
Q

What are types of vaccination?

A
  1. Modified Live Vaccines (MLVs)
    - contain live pathogens that have been altered to reduce virulence
    - quicker immunity with fewer dose
  2. Killed Vaccines
    - contain protein or other small pieces taken from pathogen
    - requires two-dose series/ booster doses
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7
Q

What are the administration technique?

A
  • prefer subcutaneous (beneath all the layers of skin) over intramuscular injections
  • ensure all the equipment is sterile
  • follow the guidelines given by manufacturer
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8
Q

What are the purposes of monitoring and record keeping?

A
  • tracking herd health
  • documenting the type of vaccine used, administration dates and any adverse reactions observed
  • to facilitate regularly reviewing vaccination protocols with veterinarians
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9
Q

What are the major nutritional components required by dairy cattle health?

A

water
carbohydrates
protein
fats
minerals and vitamins

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10
Q

Pasture-based system

A
  • ideal for regions with abundant pasture resources
  • works well with seasonal calving programs, allowing the cattle to synchronise their diets with growing seasons
  • more natural and cost-effective
  • nutrient intake depends on pasture quality
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11
Q

Total Mixed Rations (TMR)

A
  • suitable for high-production herds
  • used in confinement housing where herds have no access to pasture
  • provides nutritional consistency by mixing all feed components into a single, balanced ration
  • can ensure every cow receives balanced diet, improving production efficiency and health
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12
Q

Component Feeding

A
  • commonly used for smaller hers or in tie-stall housing or grazing systems
  • allows flexibility in nutrient delivery
  • control over nutrient intake but is less uniformity in the diet
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13
Q

Key practices in Biosecurity Measures.

A

hygiene
quarantine new arrival
health history checks
equipment disinfection
well-maintain infrastructure

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14
Q

Importance of biosecurity measure.

A

protecting herd health
economic stability
food safety

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15
Q

What are types of potential stress in herd?

A

Nutritional stress
- occur when insufficient nutrients supply
Heat stress
- occur when the temperature surrounding is too high which is caused by poor ventilation systems and a hot climate
Social stress
- caused by separation, weaning, overcrowding, frequent regrouping
Cold stress
- caused by temperature fluctuations, wet hair coat, low BCS

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16
Q

How to reduce the stress?

A

Cooling system
- fan/ misters/ sprinkles
Proper ventilation
- ensure fresh air circulation
Adequate space
Appropriate bedding
Balance diet
Monitor cow behavior
Monitor health indicators

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17
Q

Importances of reducing stress.

A

Enhanced milk production with higher quality
Improved reproductive performance (better conception rates)
Reduced health risks
Improved animal welfare

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18
Q

What is observed in health monitoring?

A

Regular health assessments
- routine veterinary check-ups
- health records maintenance
Behaviour monitoring
- automated monitoring systems
- behavioral indicators

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19
Q

What is mastitis and explain each type of mastitis.

A

Inflammation of the mammary gland
1. Clinical mastitis
- visible signs like swollen, hot and hard udder, abnormal milk
2. Subclinical mastitis
- most common and hard to diagnose
- no observable change in udder
3. Acute mastitis
- sudden symptom inset
- dramatically lowered production, very abnormal milk appearance
4. Chronic mastitis
- symptoms last months to years

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20
Q

What are the causes of mastitis?

A

inflammatory reaction
poor hygiene

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of mastitis?

A

swelling in udder
watery milk
heat and redness

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22
Q

Impact of mastitis

A

reduce milk quality
public health risk

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23
Q

Risk associated with drinking milk from cow infected with mastitis

A
  • Foodborne illnesses like vomiting, fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain
  • Antibiotic residues lead to allergic reactions
  • Endotoxins cause foodborne illness
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24
Q

What are the treatments for mastitis?

A
  • anti-inflammatory drugs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) // Flunixin meglumine (acute mastitis)
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25
Diagnosis of mastitis
California Mastitis test Somatic cell count Milk culture
26
What are hygiene practices to prevent masititis?
- clean and dry udder and teats before milking - provide clean and dry bedding - regular monitoring
27
What is Grass Tetany (Hypomagnesemia)?
a serious metabolic disorder in cattle that occurs when magnesium levels in the blood drop too low.
28
What are the causes of grass tetany?
- dietary magnesium deficiency exacerbated by a high intake of calcium - stress factor
29
What are the impacts of hypomagnesemia?
- decrease weight - economic losses
30
What are the early signs of hypomagnesemia?
nervousness, appetite reduce, muscle tremors
31
What are the signs of hypomagnesemia?
seizures, elevated heart rate, unable to stand
32
What are the treatments for hypomagnesemia?
Intravenoous (IV) Magnesium and Calcium solutions // Magenesium sulfate (subcutaneously)
33
What is ketosis (Acetonaemia)?
a metabolic disease that occurs in cows when their energy intake doesn't match their energy requirements
34
What are the causes of ketosis?
1. metabolic disorder - energy demands > energy intake 2. negative energy balance (lactation) 3. increased fat mobilisation
35
What are the symptoms of ketosis?
Lethargy Reduced appetite Dull coat Firm dry feces Acetone breath Nervous signs
36
What are the impacts of ketosis?
Reduced milk production Weakened immune system Fertility issues
37
What are the treatments for ketosis?
1. Administer intravenous dextrose solution for quick relief 2. Use 250–400 grams daily of Propylene glycol for 3–5 days. - Provides the rumen precursors to create its own glucose 3. Supportive treatment: Inject 5-10 ml Liver extract with B-complex
38
Acidosis?
a metabolic disorder that affects ruminants, such as cows and cattle, when their rumen pH levels drop too low
39
Causes of acidosis?
Overfeeding of High-Energy Feeds Sudden Dietary Changes
40
Symptoms of acidosis
Reduced milk production Diarrhea Bloating
41
Impacts of acidosis
Digestive health issues Laminitis
42
Treatment for acidosis?
1. Adding probiotics and live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to the feed 2. Adding buffers like sodium bicarbonate or magnesium oxide
43
Parturient paresis (hypocalcemia/ milk fever)
the levels of calcium in blood are too low
44
Causes of milk fever?
- Increased calcium demand during lactation - Low calcium levels in the blood: less than 5.0 mg/dL
45
Impacts of hypocalcemia?
- Decreased immune function - Loss of milk yield
46
Symptoms of parturient paresis/
S1 Muscle tremors Restlessness Stiff gait Mild ataxia S2 Cold body surface Dilated pupils Flatulence: bloat Fast, flat pulse S3 Lies on its side Heart sound inaudible Loses consciousness Death if not treated
47
Treatments for hypocalcemia
- Administer 1 ml/kg body weight of Calcium Borogluconate 23% slowly via intravenous injection immediately - Cows placed in a sternal recumbency position to prevent muscle damage - Administer two oral calcium boluses 12 hours apart, but only if cows respond to IV calcium treatment
48
Endometritis ?
an infection and inflammation of the lining of the uterus, or endometrium
49
Causes of endometritis
- Bacterial Infection: Streptococcus zooepidemicus - Poor hygiene during calving - Unhygienic practices at insemination
50
Impact of endometritis
Increased abortion rates Impact on calf Health
51
Symptoms of endometritis?
- Presence of purulent or mucopurulent vaginal discharge (whitish-yellow) - Increased volume of discharge during estrus - Thickened uterine wall upon rectal examination
52
Treatment for endometritis ( Ceftiofor Hydrochloride)
- Administered 2 mg/kg for 3 days intramusculary - Provides broadspectrum antibiotic action - Reduce uterine inflammation
53
Treatment for endometritis (Cephapirin Benzathine)
- 500 mg administered intrauterine. - Second treatment: in 7–14 days if clinical signs persist - Improve reproductive performance
54
Treatment for endometritis (Oxytetracycline)
- 4.6 to 6 mg/kg administered intrauterine - Inhibits bacterial growth - Support recovery
55
Brucellosis
- Contagious abortion / Bang's disease - bacterial disease
56
Causes of brucellosis
- Bacterial Infection: Brucella abortus -Transmission through contact with infected material
57
Symptoms of brucellocis
Abortion Weak calves Retained placenta Reduced milk production
58
Impacts of brucellosis
Economic losses Herd health “ abortion storms” Public health risk
59
There is no practical treatment for infected cattle: Once an animal is infected, it remains a carrier for life
Brucellosis
60
How if animal is infected with brucellosis
Infected animals should be culled as soon as possible to prevent further spread
61
Hygiene practices to prevent brucellosis
- Vaccinate calves with Brucella abortus Strain RB51 to enhance resistance to infection - Conduct regular blood tests to monitor herd health and prevent new infections
62
Bovine Ulcerative Mammary Dermatitis (mammary necrotic dermatitis)
a skin condition that affects the udders of dairy cows
63
Causes of bovine ulcerative mammary dermatitis
- Bovine herpesvirus (BHV) II and IV. - Breathing in droplets from infected cows - Contaminated equipment
64
What are the symptoms for bovine ulcerative mammary dermatitis
- Swelling and thickened areas on one or more teats - Blisters may form and burst - Sore spots covered with dark scabs - Foul udder - Pungent smell with wet discharge
65
Impacts of biovine ulcerative mammary dermatitis
- Reduced milk production and quality - Increased risk of secondary infections: Mastitis Disease
66
There is no effective definitive treatment for this virus
bovine ulcerative mammary dermatiits
67
Hygiene practisces for BUMD
- Isolation of affected cows - Use of separate milking equipment - Clean and dry teats with single-use towels

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