Ts Flashcards
There has been no agreement among scholars on:
the scope and limits of the field
-
the very name of the new field
Impediments
The lack of “appropriate channels of communication”, with scholars and researchers in the field and their writings on translation scattered among different older fields (Holmes, 2004, p. 173).
2.
The lack of “a generally accepted name” for the field (Holmes, 2004, p. 175). Suggested terms have included “the art/craft of translation”, “translatology”, “translation theory”, and “the science of translation”. The term Holmes advocates is “Translation Studies”, and it has since been used to refer to the field.
3.
The lack of “any general consensus as to the scope and structure of the discipline” (Holmes, 2004, p. 175). There has been no agreement on what the focus of the field is, what its scope is, nor what issues it covers and investigates.
Pure Translation Studies:
* It has two main objectives:
“to describe the phenomena of
translating
“to establish general principles by
means of which these phenomena can
be explained and predicted”
Pure Translation Studies: DTS is divided into
Product-oriented DTS
*Function-oriented DTS
Process-oriented DTS
Product-oriented DTS
It examines existing translations.
It may provide an analysis or description of a single source text (ST) and its target text (TT), or a comparative description of a single ST and its multiple translations in one or different languages.
Product-oriented studies can be larger in scope. They can be diachronic (observing development over time) or synchronic (focusing on a single point in time).
Function-oriented DTS
What does function-oriented DTS focus on?
Describing the function of the translation in the recipient culture
It examines the context of translation rather than the text itself.
What type of questions do function-oriented DTS studies ask?
Questions about what texts are or are not selected for translation, when and where, and the impacts of translating
This approach emphasizes the role of translation within the cultural setting.
What is the focus of process-oriented DTS?
The process or act of translation itself
It aims to understand and describe what happens inside the translator’s mind.
What techniques do recent cognitive studies use in process-oriented DTS?
Think-aloud protocols and eye-tracking tools
These techniques help in analyzing the cognitive processes involved in translation.
Function-oriented DTS
Such studies focus on the context of translation, rather than the text itself,
Process-oriented DTS
It is interested in the process or act of translation itself. It seeks to understand and describe what happens inside the translator’s mind.
What is General Translation Theory?
A theory that attempts to include many elements to explain all translation phenomena or translation as a whole.
General Translation Theory aims for a comprehensive understanding of translation.
What characterizes Partial Translation Theories?
They have a more specific scope and address only one or some aspects of translation.
Partial theories focus on particular elements rather than the entire translation process.
What do medium-restricted theories focus on?
The medium used in translation
This includes the specific formats or technologies through which translation occurs.
How are medium-restricted theories subdivided?
They are subdivided into theories of translation as done by humans, by computers (machine translation), or both (computer-assisted translation)
This classification highlights the different approaches to translation based on the agents involved.
What are the two categories for human translation in medium-restricted theories?
Written or oral
This distinction helps in understanding the different processes and contexts of translation.
What types of oral translation are considered in medium-restricted theories?
Simultaneous or consecutive
This differentiation is crucial for understanding the methods and techniques employed in interpreting.
What are area-restricted theories?
They are restricted to certain languages or certain cultures.
Area-restricted theories focus on specific linguistic or cultural contexts.
What types of translation can area-restricted theories be concerned with?
They can be concerned with:
* Translation between a language pair
* Translation within a group of languages
* Translation between groups of languages
Examples include translations within Slavic languages or between Romance and Germanic languages.
What do rank-restricted theories focus on?
Lower linguistic ranks or levels of the texts or discourses they deal with.
What levels have rank-restricted theories usually dealt with?
The level of the word or sentence.
What do text-type restricted theories investigate?
They investigate the issue of translating certain text or discourse types, such as literary texts, sacred texts, scientific texts, etc.
These theories emphasize the unique challenges and considerations specific to different genres of texts.
Applied Translation Studies
*
Its main subcategories are:
1.
Translator Training
2.
Translation Aids
3.
Translation Criticism
4.
Translation Policy
Translator Training
It refers to teaching translation in schools and courses to train professional translators.
Areas of interest in translator training are:
Testing techniques
-
Curriculum planning
Translation Aids
They refer to the resources that help in translation training and professional practice.
They are divided into:
Grammars
-
Information technology aids, e.g. Computer-assisted Translation (CAT) tools, machine translation, internet sources, etc.
Translation Criticism
*
It is mainly related to the evaluation of translations.
*
Areas of interest include:
-
Revision
-
Quality Assessment
-
Reviews
- Translation Policy
The place and role of translators in society
-
The place and role of translating in society
-
The place and role of translations in society
