Tryout Test Flashcards
absorption
taking up nutrients in the intestines
adipose tissue
fatty tissue
aerobic metabolism
Combining nutrient oxygen within the cell; also called oxidation
albumin
Protein that occurs in blood plasma
alkalosis
Condition in which excess base accumulates in, or acids are lost from, the body
amino acids
Nitrogen containing chemical compounds of which protein is composed
amphetamines
Drugs intended to inhibit appetite
anemia
Condition caused by insufficient number of red blood cells, hemoglobin or blood volume
angina pectoris
Pain in the heart muscle due to inadequate blood supply
arteriosclerosis
Generic term for thickened arteries
arthritis
Chronic disease involving the joints
ascites
Abnormal collection of fluid in the abdomen
aspartame
Artificial sweetener made from two amino acid; does not require insulin for metabolism
aspirated
Inhaled or suctioned
Atherosclerosis
a form of arteriolosclerosis affecting the intima (inner lining) of the artery walls
avitaminosis
Without vitamins
beriberi
Deficiency disease caused by lack of vitamin b1 thiamine. Legs feel heavy feet burn and muscles degenerate
Basal metabolism rate (BMR)
The rate at which energy is needed for body maintenance
bile
Secretion of the liver, stored in the gallbladder, essential for the digestion of fat
bioavailable
The ability of a nutrient to be readily absorbed and used by the body
biotin
a B vitamin, necessary for metabolism
bolus
food in the mouth that is ready to be swallowed
botulism
Deadliest of food poisoning; cost by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum
bran
outer covering of grain kernels. Contains minerals B vitamins cellulose and protein
buffer systems
Protective systems regulating amounts of hydrogen ions in body fluids
cachexia
Severe malnutrition and body wasting caused by chronic disease
caliper
Mechanical device used to measure percentage of body fat by skinfold measurement
calorie
Represents the amount of heat needed to raise temperature of 1 kg of water 1°C
carboxypeptidase
pancreatic enzyme necessary for protein digestion
nutrients (6)
Chemical substances that are found in food and necessary for good health. Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water.
essential nutrient
nutrients found only in food
carbohydrates
About 50% of diet. Provides energy. Protein sparing action. Normal fat metabolism. Three types.
monosaccharides
Simplest form of carbohydrates. No digestion required. Can be easily absorbed directly into the blood stream from the small intestine they include glucose fructose and galactose
disaccharides
Double sugars. Hydrolysis to monosaccharides. (ex: sucrose maltose and lactose)
lactose intolerance
Inability to digest lactose because if you lack of the enzyme lactase; causes abdominal cramps and diarrhea
polysaccharides
complex carbohydrates containing combinations of monosaccharides. Examples include starch dextrin cellulose and glycogen
glycogen
Glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles. Approximately 1/2 day supply of energy is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles
fiber
Indigestible parts of plants; absorbs water in large intestine, helping to create soft stool
cellulose
Primary sources of dietary fiber
endosperm
The inner part of the kernel of grain; contains a carbohydrate. Contain starch protein and some B vitamins
germ
Smallest part of the grain and is a rich source of B vitamins vitamin E minerals and proteins
lipids and fat
Formed from glycerol Provides energy. 9 calories
hypercholesterolemia
Unusually high levels of cholesterol and blood; also known as high serum cholesterol. Common in clients with atherosclerosis
plaque
Fatty deposit on interior of artery walls. When plaque blocks the heart a heart attack occurs. When it blocks the brain a stroke occurs
function of stomach
temporary storage of food. mixing of food with gastric juices. regulation of a slow, controlled emptying of food into the intestine. sexretion of the factor for B12. destruction of most bacteria
sphincter malfunction
causes acid reflux disease
chyme
food mass as it has been mixed with gastric juices
gastric juices
digestive secretions in stomach. contain HCl, pepsin, mucus. HCl activates pepsin to digest protein. children have two additinal enzymes rennin-milk protein, and gastric lipase-butterfat
salivary amylase
component of saliva that starts the digestion of starch in the mouth
duodenum
chyme moves through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum the first section of the small intestine
secretin
hormone that is released when food reaches the small intestine that causes the pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate to neutralize chyme
cholecytokinin (cck)
triggers gallbladder to release bile for the digestion of fat
pancreatic proteases
the enzyme secreted by the pancreas that digests proteins
pancreatic amylase
converts starches to simple sugars
pancreatic lipase
reduces fats to fatty acids and glycerol
small intestine in digestion
most nutrients absorbed. breaks down lactose maltose and sucrose.
peptidases
break proteins down into amino acids
colon
large intestine. funtion: absorb water and salts from undigested food. makes volatile acids
volatile fatty acids
acetate, propionate, butyrate. absorbed from large intestine and used as energy.
vitamins
organic compounds that enable the body to use energy provided by fats carbs and proteins; can not cure
fat soluble vitamin deficency
occur in those with chronic malabsorbtion disease such as cystic fibrosis, celiac, and chrons disease
fat soluble. vitamins
not lost easily in cooking but lost with mineral oil. after absprbtion they are transported through the body by lipoproteins. megadoses more common because they are stored
water soluble vitamins
easily destroyed easily by air light and cooking
Vitamin A
An antioxidant plays an important role in vision, bone growth, reproduction, cell division, antioxidant, regulates immune system
retinol
The active form of vitamin A. Preformed vitamin A
carotenoids
Provitamin A. Think carrots and other orange and green fruits. May reduce the risk of cancer
xeropthalmia
blindness caused by mucous membranes of eye Sign of a deficiency of vitamin K
Vitamin D
Prohormone Of calcium and phosphorus. Heat-stable and not easily oxidized.
rickets
Deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin D; causes malformed bones and pain in infants
Vitamin D Deficiency
May lead to osteomalacia which then can evolve into osteoporosis
Vitamin E
antioxidant. Essential for protection of cell structure, especially of red blood cells
hemolysis
destruction of red blood cells due to lack of vitamin E
vitamin K
essential in blood clotting. deficiency leads to hemorrhaging.
thiamine
Metabolism of carbohydrates and some amino acids. Also essential to nerve and muscle action. Absorbed in the small intestine.
riboflavin B2
essential for carbohydrate fat and protein metabolism. Necessary for tissue maintenance. And healthy eyes
niacin
Serves as a Coenzyme in energy metabolism and consequently essential to every body cell.
pellagra
Disease to choose deficiency of niacin. Characterized by sores on the skin by diarrhea, anxiety, confusion, irritability, poor memory, dizziness, and untimely death if left untreated.
vitamin b6
Essential for protein metabolism and absorption, aids in the release of glucose from glycogen, amino acids present in excessive amounts can be converted to those in which the body is temporarily deficient
cobalamin vitamin b12
Contains cobalt. Involved in folate metabolism, maintenance of the myelin sheath, and healthy red blood cells.
meyelin
Lipoprotein essential for the protection of nerves.
intrinsic factor
Secretion of stomach mucosa essential for B12 absorption
pernicious anemia
Severe, chronic anemia cost by deficiency of vitamin B 12; UC due to the bodies inability to absorb B12 may mostly due to gastric secretions interested with a special receptor cells because of disease or surgery
campylobacter jejuni
transmitted through unpasturized milk, contaminated water, raw meat, shellfish. Caused by indigestion of bacteria. Symptoms diarrhea fever headache abdominal pain and nausea
clostridium botulinum
Improperly canned foods. Symptoms double vision speech difficulties inabiluty to swallow,respiratory problems. spores. deadliest
clostridium perfringens
“cafeteria germ”. outbreaks occur with large quantities of food. spore forming pathogen. symptoms: inflammation of stomach anf intestie
cyclospora
feces contaminated food. parasite that causes gastroebteritis. watery diarrhea, cramps, fever.
E. coli
bacteria found in intestines of animals transmitted through contaminated water milk juice meats produce.
listeria monocytogenes
bacteria found in intestines. grows in fridge. normal bad symptoms.
salmonellosis
bacteria from raw meats and eggs. symptoms: headache, vomitting diarrea. abdominal cramps and fever. begin 6-48hrs. causes salmonella.
shingella
causes shungellosis. symptoms occur from 1 day to a week after infection. degydration.
straphylococcus aureas
bacteria found on human skin and open wounds. causes staph. symptoms begin 30min to 8hrs abd last 24-48 hrs.
trichinosis
parasitic roundworm from uncooked pork.
dysentary
disease from protozoa. severe diarrhea
monosaccharides
glucose fructose galsctose
disaccharides
sucrose maltose lactose
sucrose
glucose and fructose. sugar.
maltose
from digestion of starch
lactose
sugar found in milk
polysaccaride
starch dextrkn cellulose and glucogen
essential fatty acids
derived from triglycerides linoleic and linolenic and okeic acids. omega 3 and 6.
nonessestial fatty acids
onega 9.
cholesterol
sterol. essential for the synthesis of bile hormones viamin d. needed in every cell. can cause plaque.
fat metabolism
controlled by liver. metabolism ulyimately happens in cells
edema
caused from lack of protein. abnormal retrntion of fluids
complete proteins
contains all essential proteins
incomplete proteins
lack one or more of the essential amino acids.
ischemia
reduced blood flow that hinders nutrient from tissues
hiatal hernia
Small frequent meals so the stomach is never full with food. Avoid irritants to you esophogus such as citrus and carbonated beverages
peptic ulcer
Low fat protein should be provided but not in excess
diverticulosis
High-fiber diet required
Inflammatory bowel disease
Requires a low residue diet
ileostomy
Greater need for salt and water because of excess losses. Vitamin C supplement is recommended in some cases B-12 supplements may be needed
celiac disease
gluten contolled diet.
cirrhosis
Provides at least 25 to 35 cal or more per 1 g of protein per kg of weight each day
