Trunk and Neck Flashcards
1
Q
Serratus posterior superior and inferior act as
A
accessory muscles of respiration
2
Q
what innervates the splenius capitis and cervicis muscles?
A
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
3
Q
What are the deep intrinsic back muscles considered “true” back muscles?
A
because they are innervated by nerves coming off posterior rami
4
Q
How many levels do semispinalis muscles go up?
A
4-6 vertebrae
5
Q
How many levels do multifidus muscles go up?
A
2-4 vertebrae
6
Q
How many levels do rotatores muscles go up?
A
1-2 vertebrae
7
Q
origin and insertion of transversospinalis muscles
A
from transverse processes to superior spinous processes
8
Q
What are intertransversarii?
A
proprioceptive muscles between adjacent transverse processes
9
Q
Action of the levator costorum longus and brevis
A
elevate the ribs as accessory muscles of respiration
10
Q
ligamentum nuchae
A
an expansion of the supraspinous ligament in the neck region
11
Q
where does the ligamentum nuchae run?
A
from the external occipital protuberance to the spinous process of C1
12
Q
What does the ligamentum nuchae do?
A
- functionally it replaces long spinous processes in humans for neck flexibility
- septum between the muscles on either side of the neck
13
Q
what muscles attach to the ligamentum nuchae?
A
trapezius and splenius capitis
14
Q
What is zygapophysis?
A
the joint between the superior and inferior articular facets of adjacent vertebrae
15
Q
Costotransverse Joint
A
- joint between the ribs and the transverse process
16
Q
ligaments of the costotransverse joint
A
- lateral costotransverse ligament: runs from rib to same level transverse process
- superior costotransverse ligament: runs from rib to upper level transverse process
17
Q
Posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia
A
sits superficial to the erector spinae
18
Q
middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia
A
passes between the erector spinae and the quadratus lumborum from the spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae
19
Q
anterior layer of the thoracic lumbar fascia
A
in the abdomen and comes continuous with TA and IO (NOT EO)
20
Q
Corners of the suboccipital triangle
A
- spinous process of C2
- transverse process of C1
- lateral part of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
21
Q
Suboccipital nerve
A
- dorsal ramus of C1
- Motor
- lies within the sub occipital triangle
22
Q
Greater occipital nerve
A
- Dorsal ramus of C2
- Sensory
- Passes inferior to obliquus captius inferior and proceeds to post scalp
23
Q
Occipital artery
A
passes from external carotid artery to posterior scalp to travel with the greater occipital nerve
24
Q
Posterior Atlanto-occipital membrane
A
lies deep within the triangle and forms the anterior wall of the triangle
25
vertebral artery
passes from transverse foramen of C1 to the foramen magnum along the arch of the atlas
26
Cervical enlargement
large because of the large number of lower motor neurons at the level for upper limb innervation
27
lumbar enlargement
large because of the large number of lower motor neurons at this level for lower limb/pelvis innervation
28
conus medullaris
termination of neural tissue of the spinal cord
29
filum terminale internum
continuation of the Pia mater covering of the spinal cord after the spinal cord has ended - anchors to sacrum and coccyx
30
cauda equina
ventral and dorsal roots below the level of the conus medullaris - looks like a horse's tail
31
when do the filum terminale internum and filum terminale externum join?
when the dural sac ends at the S2 level
32
Vertebral Artery
- first branch of the subclavian a
- travels through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae
- crosses posterior arch of C1 and enters the foramen magnum
33
Annulus fibrosis
concentric circular layers of fibrocartilage on outside of intervertebral disc
34
nucleus pulposus
- internal cushioning of the intervertebral disc
- jelly-like material that consists of mainly water as well as a loose network of collagen fibers
35
anterior longitudinal ligament
attaches to the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies and IV discs
36
posterior longitudinal ligament
attaches to the posterior aspect of the IV discs on the anterior wall of the vertebral canal
37
Ligamentum flavum
- yellow
- high elastic fiber content
- attach adjacent vertebral laminae
38
tectorial membrane
continuous with posterior longitudinal ligament
39
alar ligament
goes to the occiput
- known as "check ligament"
- prevent over rotation of the atlanto-occupital joint
40
cruciate ligament
- transverse band
- superior longitudinal band
- inferior longitudinal band
41
Where are the innermost intercostals present?
on the lateral body wall only from midclavicular line to mid scapular lines
42
What forms the inguinal ligament?
the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique
43
Where does the inguinal ligament run?
between ASIS and pubic tubercle
44
what forms the inguinal canal?
the inguinal ligament folds under the abdominal wall and forms a gutter that is the floor of the inguinal canal
45
Superficial inguinal ring
- opening from the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique at the medial end
- has medial crus and lateral crus
46
internal abdominal oblique gives muscle fibers to...
spermatic cord (cremaster m)
47
what forms a roof over the spermatic cord?
transversus abdominus
48
deep inguinal ring
pierces transversalis fascia as structures from the abdomen pass into the inguinal canal
49
conjoint tendon
- combination of the aponeuroses of the internal abdominal oblique and the transverses abdominus muscles
- sits posterior to the superficial inguinal ring
- direct inguinal hernias most likely to herniate here
50
Lacunar ligament
- attaches the inguinal ligament posteriorly to the pubic bone, medial to femoral sheath
- creates a reinforcement of the medial edge of the inguinal ligament
51
spermatic cord
- passes through inguinal canal from deep inguinal ring and through superficial inguinal ring into scrotum
- layers are formed by layers of abdominal wall as the testis passes through the wall
52
round ligament of the uterus
- female
- passes through inguinal canal into labium majus
- an issue when it stretches in pregnancy and causes pain
53
Above the arcuate line, the anterior lamina consists of...
aponeurosis of EO and 1/2 IO
54
posterior lamina is
1/2 IO and transverse abdominus aponeurosis
55
below arcuate line
rectus sheath moves anterior to rectus abdominus - posteiror to rectus is transversalis fascia and parietal peritoneum
56
deep to rectus sheath...
transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal fat, and parietal peritoneum line the inside of the abdominal wall and cushion organs within
57
Level of opening for inferior vena cava
T8
58
level of opening for esophagus
T10
59
level of opening for abdominal aorta
T12
60
anterior to quadratus lumborum is
anterior layer of thoracolumbar fascia
61
subcostal nerve
- exits vertebral column just under thoracoabdominal diaphragm
- innervates abdominal musculature and skin midway between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis
62
ventral ramus of L1
- exits vertebral column and then divides into iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves, but may not divide until after it enters the lateral abdominal wall
- innervates abdominal musculature and skin above the inguinal region
63
genitofemoral nerve
- passes anterior to psoas major
- descends into inguinal region where it divides into a genital branch and femoral branch
- responsible for cremasteric reflex
64
Platysma
muscle of fascial expression
CN VII
65
SCM innervation
CN XII
66
What passes through inter scalene triangle
- subclavian a
- brachial plexus
67
cervical plexus
- ventral rami C1-C4
- ansa cervicalis
- phrenic n
- cutaneous nerves: lesser occipital, great auricular n, transverse cervical n, suprascapular n
68
Ansa cervicalis
- motor
- innervates all infra hyoid muscles except thyrohyoid
69
hypoglossal n pathways
- wraps around carotid branches and goes between myohyoid and hyoglossus mm
- can see it behind intermediate tendon of digastric
70
superior root of ansa cervicalis
"rides" on hypoglossal n before joining with the inferior root in the loop
71
C1 "rides"
hypoglossal n to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid mm
72
probs should remind yourself of the brachial plexus
73
where does the ventral rami of C5-T1 emerge
form the vertebral column between the anterior and middle scalenes
74
where does dorsal scapular n emerge?
from middle scalene
75
subclavian artery branches
- vertebral artery
- internal thoracic artery
- thyrocervical trunk
- costocervical trunk (emerges posterior to ant scalene)
- dorsal scapular artery: often comes from thyrocervical trunk
76
branches of external carotid artery
superior thyroid a
lingual a
fascial a
occipital a
posterior auricular a
maxillary a
superficial temporal a
77
what forms the external jugular v
posterior branch of the retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein
78
internal jugular v
- originates from the sigmoid dural sinus and travels in the carotid sheath deep to SCM
79
parotid gland
creates saliva which passes through the parotid duct through the buccinator muscle across from 2nd upper second molar
80
submandibular gland
sits below angle of mandible
- duct runs under the tongue
81
facial nerve
- motor branch of the facial n
- exits the skull from the stylomastoid foramen and divides into 5 main branches
- pierces and travels through the parotid gland to muscles of fascial expression
82
temporalis muscle
arises from frontal, parietal and temporal bones in the temporal fossa of the skull
- inserts on coronoid process of mandible
83
Mandibular nerve branches
buccal n
deep temporal n
lingual n (chorda tympani)
inferior alveolar n
auriculotemporal n
84
what does the mandibular nerve innervate
- muscles of mastication
- mylohyoid
- anterior belly of digastric
- tensor tympani
- tensor veli palatini
85
extrinsic ligaments of the TMJ
- stylomandibular ligament
- sphenomandibular ligament
86
inferior synovial compartment is...
rotational
87
superior synovial compartment is
translational
