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Pediatrics Rotation > Truelearn Content > Flashcards

Truelearn Content Flashcards

1
Q

Common Etiologies of Secondary Lactase Deficiency

A

Small intestinal epithelial damage after infection

Symptoms due to malabsorption of CHO

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2
Q

Secondary Lactase Deficiency Clinical Presentation

A

Symptoms after reintroducing dietary dairy
-abdominal pain
-bloating and flatulence
-watery diarrhea

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3
Q

Secondary lactase deficiency management and prognosis

A

Temporary dairy restriction

Typically transient and resolves in weeks to months

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4
Q

What is Primary Nocturnal Enuresis

A

Nighttime urinary incontinence beyond age 5

No hx of prolonged periods of nighttime dryness

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5
Q

Etiologies if Primary Nighttime Enuresis

A

Delayed maturation of bladder control

Decreased bladder capacity

Increased nocturnal urine output

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6
Q

Risk Factors of Primary Nocturnal Enuresis

A

Males aged 5-8

Family hx is the greatest risk factor

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7
Q

Evaluation of Primary Nocturnal Enuresis

A

Urinalysis to rule out UTI, DM, and DI

Voiding diary

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8
Q

Management of Primary Nocturnal Enuresis

A

Treat any Comorbid conditions

Restrict evening fluids

Enuresis alarm

Pharmacotherapy (desmopressin)

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9
Q

Etiology of Craniopharyngioma

A

From Remnants of Rathke’s Pouch

Bimodal age: 5-14 and 50-75

Benign and slow growing

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10
Q

Craniopharyngioma Clinical Manifestations

A

Compress optic chiasm: bitemporal hemianopsia

Compress pituitary stalk: endocrine dysfunction
-dec ADH = diabetes insipidus
-dec LH and FSH = pubertal delay
-dec TSH and GH = growth failure

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11
Q

Craniopharyngioma Brain Imaging

A

Calcified and/or cystic suprasellar mass

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12
Q

Craniopharyngioma Management

A

Surgical resection

Radiation treatment

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13
Q

Trisomy 18 etiology

A

Increased risk with maternal age

Trisomy 18 = “Edward’s”

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14
Q

Trisomy 18 MSK Defecects

A

FGR and small for gestational age

Microcephaly, micrognathia, low-set ears, prominent occiput

Clenched hands with overlapping fingers

Limited hip abduction

Rocker-bottom feet

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15
Q

Trisomy 18 additional physical findings

A

Cardiac VSD

hypotonia

Hypoventilation; inc risk of aspiration

Renal defects

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16
Q

Prognosis in Trisomy 18

A

95% of patients die in 1st year

Causes of Death: heart failure, respiratory failure

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17
Q

HSV Encephalitis Etiology

A

Primary infection with HSV or reactivation of latent infection

Typically affects Temporal Lobes

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18
Q

HSV Encephalitis Clinical Presentation

A

Altered mental status

Fever

Headache

Seizure

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19
Q

HSV Encephalitis CSF Findings

A

Lymphocytosis

Normal glucose

Increased protein

Increased RBC

HSV DNA on PCR

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20
Q

HSV Encephalitis Brain MRI

A

Temporal lobe hemorrhage/edema

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21
Q

HSV Encephalitis Treatment

A

IV Acyclovir

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22
Q

12 Months Language Markers

A

1st words

Point to desired object

Use several gestures with vocalizing

Recognize names of 2 objects
-look when objects are named

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23
Q

15 Months Language Markers

A

3 to 5 words

Points to 1 body part

mature Jargoning

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24
Q

18 Month language Markers

A

Use 10 to 25 words

Point to self

Imitate environmental sounds

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25
Q

24 Month Language markers

A

50+ words

Use 2 word sentences

50% intelligibility

Follow 2 step commands

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26
Q

36 Month Language markers

A

200+ words

Use 3 word sentences

75% Intelligibility

Use Pronouns correctly

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27
Q

Vit A Deficiency

A

Night blindness

Dry Conjunctiva/Cornea

Follicular Hyperkeratosis

Growth Retardation

28
Q

Vit D Deficiency

A

Craniotabes

Frontal Skull Bossing

Bowlegs

Beading of ribs

29
Q

Vit E Deficiency

A

Sensory and motor neuropathy

Ataxia

Hemolytic Anemia

30
Q

Vit K Deficiency

A

Bleeding: Gums, Skin, Joints

31
Q

Etiology of Congenital Dacryostenosis

A

Incomplete Canalization of Distal Nasolacrimal Duct

32
Q

Clinical Presentation of Congenital Dacryostenosis

A

Increased Tearing and discharge

Eyelash Crusting

Clear Conjunctivae on exam

33
Q

Management of Congenital Dacryostenosis

A

Observation and lacrimal skin massages

Probe duct if >6 months

34
Q

Complications of Congenital Dacryostenosis

A

Dacryocystitis

Dacryostocele

35
Q

Poor Prognostic Signs in Drowning

A

Arterial blood pH < 7.1

Delayed initiation of CPR

Prolonged CPR efforts

Submerged > 5 minutes

35
Q

Complications of Drowning

A

ARDS
-fluid washes out surfactant

Arrhythmia

Cerebral Edema

36
Q

Etiology of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia

A

Congenital defect of erythroid progenitor cells

apoptosis of RBC

37
Q

Diamond-Blackfan Anemia Clinical Presentation

A

Craniofacial Abnormalities

Triphalangeal Thumbs

Macrocytic Anemia

Reticulocytopenia

38
Q

Treatment of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia

A

Corticosteroids

RBC Transfusions

39
Q

Complications of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia

A

Increased risk of malignancy

40
Q

Etiology of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

A

XLR defect in WAS protein Gene
-impaired cytoskeleton remodeling in WBC and platelets: Immune dysfunction

41
Q

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Clinical Presentation

A

Early in life: infants/toddlers

Eczema

Recurrent infections: Bacterial, viral, fungal

Thrombocytopenia
-Petechiae, hematemesis, hematochezia

42
Q

Diagnosing Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

A

Microthrombocytopenia
-decreased platelet # and size

Confirm with genetic testing

43
Q

Treatment for Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

A

Stem Cell Transplant

44
Q

Causes of Osteomyelitis in Children

A

Staph Aureus: most common

Neonates: E. Coli and Group B Strep

Puncture wounds: Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Sickle Cell Patients: Salmonella

45
Q

Causes of Septic Arthritis in Children

A

Staph Aureus

Group A Strep: >3 months of age

Group B strep: < 3 months of age

Gram (-) Bacilli: < 3 months of age

46
Q

Acute Presentation of Mumps

A

Unvaccinated patient

Acute Parotitis preceded by viral prodrome

47
Q

Complications of Mumps

A

Acute Pancreatitis

Aseptic Meningitis

Orchitis and Infertility

Sensorineural Hearing loss

48
Q

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Clinical

A

Peak age 2-5 years

Nonspecific: fever, fatigue, wt loss

Anemia: pallor, fatigue

Thrombocytopenia: bruise, petechiae

Neutropenia: recurrent infection

Lymphadenopathy

Hepatosplenomegaly

Bone pain

Mediastinal Mass
-airway compression
-dysphagia
-SVC syndroem

Leptomeningeal spread
-Neuro S/S

Testicular enlargement

49
Q

Acute Complications of Meningococcal Meningitis

A

Adrenal Hemorrhage
-primary adrenal insufficiency

Death

DIC

Multiorgan Failure

Shock

SIADH

50
Q

Delayed Complications of Meningococcal Meningitis

A

Central DI

Cranial Nerve Defecits

Hearing Dysfunction of deafness

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Seizure Disorders

51
Q

Celiac Disease Pathophysiology

A

Immune-mediated inflammation of small intestine
–chronic malabsorption

Inflammation triggered by Gliadin

52
Q

Celiac Disease Clinical

A

GI S/S: Abd pain, bloat, diarrhea

Wt loss

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Vit D Deficiency

Dermatitis Herpetiformis

53
Q

Celiac Disease Diagnosis

A

Screen: Tissue Transglutaminase IgG

Confirm: duodenal Biopsy
-Crypt Hyperplasia
-villous atrophy

54
Q

Celiac Disease Management

A

Gluten-free diet

55
Q

Oligoarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

A

age 2-4 years

Arthritis in <5 Joints

56
Q

Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

A

Age 2-5 or 10-14 years

Arthritis in >5 Joints

57
Q

Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

A

Arthritis in >1 joint for >6 weeks

58
Q

Other features of Oligo/Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

A

Females > Males

Uveitis

59
Q

Other Features of Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

A

Females = Males

Fever > 2 weeks

Evanescent Rash

Anemia

Hepatosplenomegaly

Leukocytosis

Lymphadenopahy

Inc. Inflammatory Markers

60
Q

Etiology of Inhibitor Development

A

seen in 25% of patients with Severe Factor VIII Deficiency

Ab formation against infused Factor VIII
–leads to decreased Factor Function

61
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Inhibitor Development

A

Increased Bleeding Frequency

Refractory Hemorrhage

Prolonged pTT with normal PT

62
Q

Management of Inhibitor Development

A

Regular screening

Treat acute bleeds with bypass products
-recombinant activated factor VII

63
Q

Etiology of Measles (Rubeola)

A

Airborn transmission of Rubeola Virus

Prevented by Live-Attenuated Vaccine

Symptoms 1-3 weeks after inhalation of infectious particles

64
Q

Measles (Rubeola) Clinical Presentation

A

Prodromal: Cough, Coryza, Conjunctivitis, Koplik Spots

Fever

Maculopapular Rash
-Cephalocaudal: Starts on face centrifugal spread
-spares palmes and soles

65
Q

Complications of Measles (Rubeola)

A

Blindness

Encephalitis

Pneumonia
-most common in infants/immunocompromised

66
Q

Treatment of Measles

A

Supportive Care

Vit A for hospitalized patients

Pediatrics Rotation (1 decks)

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