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ancient history > troy > Flashcards

troy Flashcards

1
Q

evidence in archaeology and its purpose

A

info obtained from analysis of artefacts to interpret site and ocnstruct narrative of its history
-support/challenge theory as academic debate

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2
Q

stratigraphy

A

study of strata in excavation site to reveal natural & cultural deposits

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3
Q

modern scientific techniques in arcaheology

A

satellites
molecular DNA analysis

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4
Q

survey techniques

A

aerial survey use aircraft/satellites to create images of land to be interpreted for archaological info

geographical survey ground-based physical sensing techniques used in archaeology for imaging/mapping

satellite photography locate sites from space using satellite remote sensing tech
-more efficient than aerial photography (takes >200 aerial mapping photos to cover same area as single satellite image)

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5
Q

findspot

A

palce where artefact is found in a dig

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6
Q

stratum

A

layers in archaeological site revealed by excavation (top is most recent)

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7
Q

provenance

A

origins and published ownership history of archaeological artefact

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8
Q

stratigraphic dating

A

relies on relationship betw successive strata/layers of a dig, oldest material lowest strata

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9
Q

bronze age

A

historical age using cast bronze to make tools and weapons

3500 –> 1200 BC (~2300 yrs)
-ppl learned to mine, semlt copper & tin to make bronze weapons & tools
-required organised labour force & skilled craftsmen
-developed agriculture & animal husbandry (surplus of food produced to feed workers (potters) and feed ruling class who organised & led society)
-led to growth of towns & cities, beginning of writing & sophisticated systems of administration to govern

CAST BRONZE, mine & smelt, LF & craftsment, agri & husbandry , towns & cities, began writing & administration to govern

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10
Q

radiocarbon dating aka carbon-14 dating

A

help

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11
Q

who devised (Strategem, scheme to deceive) the trojan horse

A

odysseus

greeks pretend to forfeit, sail off in ships and leave behind horse
-most recognisable representation of troy in modern times

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12
Q

women of troy

A

given as spoils of war to conquering Greek generals

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13
Q

before bronze age

A

-before, tools made of stone/copper, ppl hunted for food

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14
Q

technological & cultural advances in bronze age led to

A

development of complex social structures based on access & control of resources
-social hierarchies emerged (based on status, welath, power)
-characterised by centralisation of power, ruling elite above mass of pop (craftsmen, agricultural workers)

social structures (resources), hierarchies (status, wealth), centralisation of power

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15
Q

bronze age civilisations located now

A

modern Turkey, iran, iraq

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16
Q

middle bronze age

A

greece, minoan civilisation on island of Crete centred on knossos major focus of development & trade
-2000 - 1500 bc
~1450 bc, minoans eclipsed by rising power of mycenaeans
-mycenaean civilisation flourished 1600 - 1100 bc, forerunners of greek civilisation of classical period

greece, minoans on crete (Knossos) trade, 500, mycenaens take over, 500

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17
Q

late bronze age troy

A

scholars believe when events in iliad occurred
-extensive trade & cultural exchange betw bronze age civilisations of near east and eastern mediterranean
-excavations suggest city flourished late bronze age at height of mycenaean period , contacts with aegan neighbours and hittite civilisation
-achaeans (greeks) warriors from cities on mainland greece raded into settlements around aegean sea and carried loot including slaves (men and women)

iliad occur, trade cultural exchange east, mycenae & aegean hittite, greece slaves

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18
Q

the gods of homer and how it reflects Homeric Age

A

1100-800bc
-actions of gods in iliad reflect social structure & values of homeric age during ocmposition
-society dominated by elite families & warrior heroes
-ancient greek society saw war as necessary in life

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19
Q

homeric question

A

issues concerning homer’s identity and composition of his epics
-who? was it their true name? live? many or one?

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20
Q

epic cycle

A

oral tradition which no. stories woven together to form long narrative
-influenced iliad epic of trojan war

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21
Q

how are epics developed

A

stories derived from historical & legendary materials originated in oral traidtions of poet’s country during conflict/expansion
-original epics composed & sung/chanted to musical accompaniment not written
-formulaic language to aid memory & oral citation aka EPITHETS

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22
Q

heroic ideal in ancient oral epic

A

expressed through heroes who strive primarily for personal fulfilment
-national & patriotic sentiments less important

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23
Q

trojan war date & homer life

A

~1275-50-1200bc
800-700bc

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24
Q

historicity

A

historical quality/character esp establishing authenticity or ppl & events
-sufficient evidence to prove existence/occurrence not myth

-scholars debate hsitoricity of trojan war

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25
Q

cause of trojan war

A

iliad: paris abducted helen angered ag to retreive and punish trojans

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26
Q

modern name for troy

A

hissarlik in turkey

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27
Q

layout of troy

A

several cities built over & above each other creating tell of hissarlik

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28
Q

when did troy excavations begin

A

1860s

29
Q

in order, archaeologists at troy + excavation dates FHWCM

A
  1. frank calvert 1865
  2. heinrich schliemann 3 1(1871-74, 1878-79)
  3. wilhelm dorpfeld 1 (1893)
  4. carl blegen 6 (1932)
  5. manfred korfmann 1942-2005)

0,31,1,6,42
FHWCM

30
Q

frank calvert

A

british
-sank trial trenches into hissarlik mound/tell
-realised mound promising for excavator who had resources to investigate
-convinced hissarlik was ancient city troy but lacked resources to conduct thorough excavation
-met schlie 68 and discussed site

31
Q

heinrich schliemann aim and rough achievements

A

german amateur archaeologist, self made millionare
-wanted to prove thru archaeology truth of homer
-discovered evidence of 7 heavily fortified settlements he named troy
-used roman numberals earliest troy 1, concluding 2 was troy of iliad (evidence of burning & destruction)

32
Q

wilhelm dorpfeld

A

worked w/ schliemann 85-90
-own excavations 93-94
-found 2 more cities, one superimposed on another
-identified troy VI as trojan war (wide streets, large houses, defensive walls & watchtowers)

33
Q

carl blegen

A

amaerican archaeologist
-dug areas untouched by schliemann & dorpfeld
-established more scientific sequence of buildings & artefacts
-troy VI fitted homer description but proved that walls destroyed by earthqyake not warfare
-identified troy VIIa as real troy (poorly built, cramped, strong walls, appears destroyed by fire after only 30 yrs habitation)

34
Q

manfred korfmann

A

german archaeologist reopened troy excavations after 50 yr lapse
-worked with large team international experts, latest tech to reveal new areas to excavate & study
-geomagnetic survey & spot excavations south of the exposed hilltop stone ruins revealed more extensive city than uncovered previously

35
Q

heinrich schliemann and troy

A

unshakeable faith in literal truth of homer’s account of war in iliad
-recognised some descriptions and dismissed others
-advised by calvert to dig at hissarlik

36
Q

how did schiemann excavate hissarlik

A

excavated mound using labour of ~160 men
-drove trench >70m wide & 15m deep into hillside, removing ~250 000m3 of earth
-dug through & destroyed remains of other cities likely contenders for homer’s troy

37
Q

what did schliemann find at the tell

A

7 cities superimposed on one another
-troy 2 evidence of burning & destruction, assumed as ‘greeks sacked and burned’

38
Q

priam’s treasure

A

golden pendants, earrings, bracelets, rings, diadems (crown), cups, salvers (silver tray for formal occassions), cauldrons, vases
->8700 pieces
-final discovery at hissarlik 1873

39
Q

suspicions of priams treasure

A

dates and events dont support claims
-wife in athens at discovery time
-some items believed to be planted by S himself and then dramatically discovered ‘SALTING’ evidence

40
Q

success of schliemann

A

advertised his work widely as possible
-excavations aroused enormous interest globally, making sensational newspaper headlines

41
Q

schliemann & mycenae

A

home of agamemnon, leading greeks during trojan war
-discovered circle of SHAFT GRAVES
-graves contained 15 skeletons covered in gold

42
Q

why was schliemann wrong about the skeletons in mycenae and golden funeral mask

A

skeletons belonged to much earlier period of greek history
-authenticity of golden funeral mask S discovered & claimed discounted by archaeological & scientific evidence

43
Q

importance of schliemann’s finds

A

despite mistakes, found evidence of previously unknown Bronze Age civilisation existed 1600-1100bc
-some info in homer authenticated by his finds
-homer described bronze swords, chariots, boar tusk helmets, great shield and s found these as artefacts/depicted as frescoes (painting)

44
Q

vague mistakes of schliemanns match with homer

A

many discrepancies, inaccuracies & anachronisms (not correct in chronological time) in homer’s accounts

45
Q

controversy of schliemann

A

motives, methods, discoveries in troy & mycenae
-father of mediterranean archaeology/self-promoting fraud
-had enough money bc archaeological excavation relied on private fortuned of interested invidividuals not financed by gvt/public institutions

46
Q

dorpfeld after schliemann

A

schliemanns death 1890 widow called dorpfeld to continue her husbands work
-more careful & systematic than s
-dated based on strate objects found & type of materials used in structure of buildings
-like s too much emphasis on trying to prove accuracy of H’s artefacts in dating various strata
-identification of level 6 as homer’s troy problematic

47
Q

blegen after dorpfeld

A

-university of cincinatti
-new investigation of hissarlik to resolve vexing problem of dating various strata
-w/ team reviewed stratigraphci record established by predecessors
-discovered more phases of occupation within strata
-suggested H’s troy in 7a w/ evidence of large-scale violence & destruction by fire

47
Q

manfred korfmann

A

excavations verified existence of lower settlmenet in lvl 6/7a
-magnetometer surveys & 7 excavations
-lower city surrounded by U-shaped fortification ditch hewn into limestone bedrock
-layout of city confirmed by intensive & systematic pottery survey 2003
-troy 15x larger than previously thought

48
Q

issues of evidence associated with written sources for trojan war (iliad)

A

date written ~400 yrs after events describes
-epic poem not historical account
-world described by homer closer to Archaic period he lived, followed collapse of mycenaean civilisation
-scholars found many allusions to world of mycenaean bronze age in homers work
-no evidence apart from homer & bardic (reciting epic poems) traditions, by Classical period, TW passed as legend becoming part of Greek cultural tradition

49
Q

issues of evidence of other ancient written sources other than iliad

A

mention TW even more remote in time from war than homer

50
Q

linear B (mycenaean archiv)

A

more contemporary with TW
-one of 2 meditarranean powers of time
-written script inscribed on clay tablets with sharp STYLUS (tool for writing)
-date to mycenaean period (c. 1600-1200bc)
-mostly to record eco transactions
-reveal nothing abt events of time
-inconclusive, indirect evidence
-dont ocntain recognisable reference to troy/personalities mentioned in iliad

51
Q

important group of tablets linear b slaves

A

from palace of Pylo gives clues to events relating to TW
-reference large group of slave women & children at Pylos
-assumed slaves were foreigners from coast of Asia Minor captured by Mycenaean raiding parties

52
Q

linear b reference to stationing

A

/troop dispositions compares to homer’s catalogue of ships greeks used to sail to troy

53
Q

hittite diplomatic archive

A

hittites warlike, powerful civilisation of Anatolia existed at Late Bronze age (same time) as Mycenaean civilisation in mainland Greece
-script preserved on clay tablets called CUNEIFORM
-ancient Anatolian languages

54
Q

what has been established about troy & mycenae from hittite records

A

references to political interests of Ahhiyawa mesh well with increasing archaeological evidence for Mycenaean Greeks in area
-Ahhiyawa Hittite designation for the culture
-Arzawa land Wilusa identified with archaeological site Troy, point of copnflict betw Hittites & Ahhiyawa

55
Q

trojan horse

A

WOODEN Horse defining symbol of war subject of countless representations of TW
-no refernece to wooden horse in iliad but alludes in odyssey
-eric cline modern bronze age scholar suggests might not have been horse at all but metaphor for poseidon who’s associated with horses

56
Q

euripides women of troy

A

greek tragedy told from perspective of women of troy, what happened to them after destruction of troy
-after death of their men, women assigned one by one to victorious Greek soldiers as part of SPOILS of war
-set in time of TW, universal and timeless message of vitcims and suffering
1. andromache (hectors wife)
2. cassandra (priam and hecuba’s daughter)

57
Q

legacy of trojan war

A

popular for ancient artists (vase painters, sculptors)
-powerful inspiration for personal values & national identity in ancient times
-greek youths reared in Hoemric tradition, educated to recite long passages of homer by heart
-greek soldiers marched into battle to emulate achilles, hector, odysseus

58
Q

modern representations of trojan war

A

important part of cultural heritage
-inspired artists, sculptors, novelists, poets, film-makers, advertisers
-shakespear
-after Renaissance times (14th -17th century ad) educated man needed knowledge of greek & latin, especially homer
-represented as heroic tragedy/military history/passionate anti-war tale

59
Q

troy in popular culture

A

hollywood, ‘sword and sandal’ epics genre of films inspired by stories & ppl of bibical/ancient world
-mostly 1950s-60s
-based lossely on actual events depicted

60
Q

evidence

A

info gained from interrogation of sources when used to reconstruct aspect of past

sources provide evidence abt nature of society

61
Q

CCEWDV
interrogating archaeological sources 6

A
  1. what is it
    made of, who made for whom, representation
  2. context
    findspot
  3. can it be accurately dated
    so can accurately place in historical context
  4. how does its condition affect interpretation
    damaged/incomplete arises problems, diff to identify & interpret
  5. is it valuabe providing evidence abt past
    artefacts more diff to interpret than written bc require more interpretation, more room for error
  6. what evidence does source provide abt past
    -conclusions speculative/tentative(indefinate)
62
Q

findspot

A

place where artefact found to establish provenance of finds & reach conclusions abt their nature & purpose

63
Q

6 qs for written sources TCPATV

A
  1. type of text
    literary, epigraphic(inscriptions on clay, stone, papyrus,etc), numismatic (coins, medals)
  2. context of writer + perspective
    sources mixture of fact & opinion, reflect perspective & nature & extent of bias evident
  3. writer’s purpose
    explain, justify, promote, entertain, teach for RELIABILITY
  4. intended audience
    -TONE, important for judging value of source
  5. trustworthy?
    -accurate/credible info abt past
  6. valuable probiding evidence abt period?
64
Q

what helps determine source value

A

distinguish betw fact & opinion

65
Q

bias

A

writer offers opinions/judgements reflect certain attitudes/prejudices on gender, race, culture, politics in favour/against

66
Q

gender bias

A

most ancient written sources composed by men, largely male perspective
-many ancient omwne illiterate, silenced voices
-few prominent women in ancient sources often portrayed in negative light bc they weren’t performing stereotypical female roles

67
Q

racial & cultural bias

A

characterised by generalisation & stereotyping
-jusge others beliefs and customs and contrasting to their own

68
Q

political bias

A

write promotes/attacks ppl bc political views
-writers sometimes employed by influential patrons to cast actions of gvt in favourable light through literature
-who was in power, only victors’ interpretation of event unchallenged

ancient history (4 decks)

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