Troubles at Home and Abroad

Question 1

What did the Catholics believe the hierarchy of the Church should look like?

Answer 1

-The Pope in Rome is the Head of the Church

-There is a structure underneath of cardinals, archbishops and bishops to manage the Church

Question 2

How did catholics believe the inside of churches should look?

Answer 2

-Churches represent the glory of God

-Churches should have stained-glass windows and expensive icons such as statues and pictures

Question 3

What do catholics believe are the roles and restrictions of the clergy?

Answer 3

-Priests are not allowed to marry

-They should wear special robes called vestments, should be beautifully decorated with colour

-During Confession, a priest can forgive a person’s sins

Question 4

What do catholics believe the Bible and church services should be like?

Answer 4

-The Bible and church services should be in Latin

-The service of Mass creates a miracle

-The priest makes the bread and wine become the body and blood of Jesus

Question 5

What did Protestants believe the hierarchy of the Church should look like?

Answer 5

-The king or queen should be the Head of the Church

-Archbishops and bishops help the monarch run the Church

Question 6

What did protestants believe the insides of churches should look like?

Answer 6

-Spending lots of money on churches goes against the teachings of Christianity

-Churches should have an altar and stained-glass windows but no icons

Question 7

What do protestants believe are the roles and restrictions of the clergy?

Answer 7

-Priests have the choice to marry

-They should wear special vestments but they should have limited decoration

-Priests cannot forgive sins; this power belongs to God alone

Question 8

What do Protestants believe the Bible and church services should look like?

Answer 8

-The Bible and church services in England should be in English so everyone can access the word of God

-The bread and wine in Communion represents the Last Supper, does not become the body and blood of Jesus

Question 9

Why did Henry VIII cause religious issues for Elizabeth?

Answer 9

-Although Henry VIII introduced the English Reformation, his church was still largely Catholic

-Churches were still decorated

Question 10

Why did Edward VI cause religious issues for Elizabeth?

Answer 10

-Edward VI’s England became a much more Protestant country

-He introduced the Book of Common Prayer

-Churches were whitewashed

Question 11

Why did Mary I cause religious issues for Elizabeth?

Answer 11

-Mary I was a Catholic and England returned to Catholicism

-The pope became the head of the church

-Approximately 300 Protestants were burnt for being heretics

Question 12

What was the result of these changes from 1532-1558

Answer 12

It caused frustration and difficulty for Elizabeth:

-Protestants and Catholics lived in communities together, argued about their religious beliefs

-Elizabeth’s government was witness to religious division

Many of the Catholic clergy sat in the House of Lords and some would not convert to Protestantism

Question 13

How did Elizabeth try to avoid conflict?

Answer 13

She chose not to side with either branch of Christianity

Question 14

What was the Religious Settlement?

Answer 14

1559

-Aimed to find a ‘middle way’ between Catholicism and Protestantism

-Elizabeth wanted a Protestant Church that the majority of Catholics would accept

-Established a Church that looked Catholic but performed Protestant services

-She hoped this would avoid any Catholic uprisings against her

-Elizabeth created the best compromise possible given the challenging religious environment she had inherited

Question 15

What was the Act of Supremacy?

Answer 15

1559, part of the Religious Settlement

-Reiterated the monarch’s authority over the Church of England

Question 16

What did the Act of Supremacy do?

Answer 16

-Elizabeth named herself Supreme Governor of the Church of England

-Different to her father, Henry VIII, who gave himself the title Head of the Church

-All government officials and clergy had to take an oath accepting Elizabeth’s authority as Supreme Governor

-Created an Ecclesiastical High Commission, ensured that churches were following Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement

Question 17

What was the impact of the Act of Supremacy on the Church and the people?

Answer 17

-Many people did not believe a woman could be Head of the Church

-Some Catholics accepted this phrasing as they could still believe the pope was the Head of the Church

-Only one of Mary’s Catholic bishops agreed to take the oath

The Catholic clergy could lose their jobs or be imprisoned for breaking the terms of the settlement

Question 18

What was the Act of Uniformity?

Answer 18

-The second part of Elizabeth’s Settlement

-Ensured that all churches looked the same and delivered equivalent church services

Question 19

What did the Act of Uniformity do?

Answer 19

-Churches were allowed to have decorations, congregation could sing hymns

-The Bible and church services were conducted in English

• Churches had to use the new Protestant prayer book

-Priests had to wear special vestments and could marry if they chose to

-Everyone had to attend church on Sundays and holy days

-Recusants received a one-shilling fine for every absence

Question 20

Who received the Act of Uniformity positively?

Answer 20

-Changes to decorations and vestments were well-received by many of Elizabeth’s Catholic opponents

-The wording of the prayer book was deliberately unclear, especially for Mass

-This meant that Catholics and Protestants could interpret it in their own way

-Many lower-class Catholics could not afford to miss church services

Question 21

Who received the Act of Uniformity negatively?

Answer 21

-Puritan bishops complained that churches looked too Catholic

-The Puritan clergy did not believe in wearing special vestments

-Many higher-class Catholics chose to pay the one-shilling fine rather than attend a Church of England service

Question 22

How was the religious settlement inclusive?

Answer 22

-Services were written to prevent conflict

-The wording of services was open for interpretation

Question 23

How was the religious settlement tolerant of Catholics?

Answer 23

-Initially, recusancy fines were not enforced

Question 24

How did clergymen respond to the Religious Settlement?

Answer 24

-Most clergymen in England supported the Religious Settlement and took the Oath of Supremacy

-Approximately 250 out of 9,000 priests refused to take the oath

Question 25

Who opposed the Religious Settlement?

Answer 25

-Jesuits: believed it was not Catholic enough -Puritans: believed it was not Protestant enough

Question 26

What were consequences of repeated recusancy?

Answer 26

-Fines -Imprisonment -Loss of property / job -Death (in extreme cases) However, recusancy fines were rarely given out before 1569

Question 27

What was the Northern Rebellion?

Answer 27

1569: -Northumberland and Westmorland decided to launch a revolt against Elizabeth with many Northern Catholics -The rebels took Catholic Mass at Durham Cathedral -Marched an army of approximately 4,600 south, reached Bramham Moor -The rebels retreated on 24th November 1569 -Earl of Sussex ended the revolt on 16th December

Question 28

How did personal reasons cause the Northern Rebellion?

Answer 28

-Catholic earls had lost a great deal of power and influence in Elizabeth's royal court -The earls and the majority of their supporters were Catholic, religious settlement removed Catholicism as England's official religion

Question 29

How did external factors cause the Northern Rebellion?

Answer 29

-Elizabeth was childless, refused to name an heir, future of England was uncertain -MQS was imprisoned in england 1569. Catholic, believed she had claim to the throne, willing to be a part of plots to depose Elizabeth

Question 30

What were short-term consequences of the Northern rebellion?

Answer 30

-Elizabeth ordered the execution of 450 rebels, Westmorland escaped -Northumberland was captured and killed in York in 1572 -The Privy Council wanted the execution of Norfolk, Elizabeth released him -April 1571, Act of Parliament widened the definition of treason to include calling Elizabeth a heretic / claiming she was not the queen -It was also treason to print and distribute copies of the papal bull

Question 31

What were long-term consequences of the Northern rebellion?

Answer 31

-The power of the Percy and Neville families ended with the death and exile of Northumberland and Westmorland -Duke of Norfolk became a focus for Catholic plotters, Ridolfi Plot in 1572 implicated the Duke of Norfolk in another plan to overthrow Elizabeth -1572, Elizabeth chose Earl of Huntingdon to lead the Council of the North -Due to Elizabeth's harsh punishment, the majority of English Catholics remained loyal

Question 32

What did the Northern Rebellion show?

Answer 32

-Despite concessions, some English Catholics still wanted to depose her -Catholics posed a significant threat to the stability of England, needed to be monitored and regulated -Elizabeth was willing to use violence against her subjects to protect her monarchy -The Revolt of the Northern Earls was significant to how Elizabeth treated Catholics throughout her reign

Question 33

What was the Papal Bull?

Answer 33

27th April 1570 -Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth from the Catholic Church

Question 34

What were the impacts of the Papal Bull?

Answer 34

-Significant effects on Elizabeth: -Asked all Catholics to end the Elizabethan rule -English Catholics had to decide if they would support the Queen or the Pope -Catholics abroad followed the Pope’s instructions, started to plot against Elizabeth -Contributed towards King Philip II of Spain’s Spanish Armada -Inspired English Catholics to plot and rebel against Elizabeth

Question 35

What was the Ridolfi plot?

Answer 35

1571: -Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian Catholic banker, planned to depose Elizabeth with help from Spain He aimed to -Assassinate Elizabeth -Replace Elizabeth with Mary Queen of Scots who would marry Duke of Norfolk -Restore Catholicism

Question 36

What were the events of the Ridolfi Plot?

Answer 36

-March 1571, Ridolfi travelled to Spanish Netherlands, met with the Pope, Philip II and the Duke of Alba -He had a signed letter from the Duke of Norfolk, confirmed that Norfolk was a Catholic, would lead a rebellion against Elizabeth with Philip’s support -The meeting was a success for Ridolfi, secured Philip’s support -He agreed to send the Duke of Alba and 10,000 men to England when Norfolk required them -Historians are unsure about how genuine this support was -Alba wrote to Philip that Spain should only send troops to England if Norfolk succeeded in overthrowing Elizabeth

Question 37

How was the Ridolfi Plot prevented?

Answer 37

Autumn 1571: William Cecil uncovered Ridolfi’s plot -Norfolk’s servants betrayed the plan when under interrogation -Cecil also had evidence in the form of coded letters in the Duke of Norfolk’s house -The Duke of Norfolk was arrested in September 1571 Ridolfi’s plan was never enacted, Cecil foiled the plan before it began -Ridolfi was not in England when Cecil discovered the plot, he never returned to England so did not face the repercussions of his actions

Question 38

Short-term consequences of Ridolfi Plot

Answer 38

-Parliament demanded the punishment of Duke of Norfolk and MQS -January 1572: the government put the Duke of Norfolk on trial for high treason, found guilty, executed June 1572 -From 1574 English Catholics smuggled priests into country -Wealthy families concealed Catholic priests within their houses in secret hiding places called ‘priest holes' -Priests caught by government searches would be hung, drawn and quartered This showed the actions that English Catholics took to keep their faith alive

Question 39

Long-term consequences of Ridolfi Plot

Answer 39

-Elizabeth refused to punish Mary -She remained imprisoned and was still in consideration for the royal succession -This continued the threat Mary posed to Elizabeth’s safety -Reinforced that Spain was a threat to England -Persecution of Dutch Protestants increased, Elizabeth and her government worried Spain wanted to destroy Protestantism across Europe -Elizabeth pursued a better relationship with France to protect England from Spain

Question 40

What was the Throckmorton Plot?

Answer 40

1583: Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth’s spymaster, heard rumours of a plot between: Scottish Jesuits, MQS, Spanish Ambassador de Mendoza The link by Francis Throckmorton who planned to -Overthrow Elizabeth -Replace Elizabeth with Mary Queen of Scots -Restore Catholicism to England

Question 41

Why do historians know little about how the Throckmorton plot began?

Answer 41

-Plotters destroyed many of their letters to conceal evidence of their scheming -The government used torture to extract confessions from the plotters -may have said what they believed the interviewer wanted to hear to avoid further punishment

Question 42

What were the events of the Throckmorton Plot in April 1583?

Answer 42

-April 1583: government placed Throckmorton under surveillance -regular visits to Mendoza aroused the government’s suspicions -Walsingham did not act straight away -wanted to obtain enough evidence to charge Throckmorton with treason

Question 43

What were the events of the Throckmorton Plot in June 1583?

Answer 43

-June 1583: Walsingham searched Throckmorton’s house -papers showed communication with multiple Catholic nobles in England -Throckmorton had been researching which harbours were suitable for an invasion force to land

Question 44

What were the events of the Throckmorton Plot in November 1583?

Answer 44

-November 1583: Arrested Throckmorton -stated the plot had gone no further than the planning stage, he was waiting for the money promised by Philip II -Both Throckmorton and MQS retracted their confessions, stated that the investigators used torture -This forced them to make false statements of guilt

Question 45

What were short-term consequences of the Throckmorton Plot?

Answer 45

-The government charged Throckmorton with treason, executed May 1584 -Elizabeth expelled the Spanish ambassador, Mendoza, from her court -The plot implicated Lord Henry Howard and Henry Percy, both arrested. Percy took his own life in the Tower of London, government released Lord Howard without charge -Mary faced no punishment, moved to Tutbury House, tighter restrictions placed on House arrest, guarded by Puritan Sir Amias Paulet

Question 46

What were long-term consequences of the Throckmorton Plot?

Answer 46

-Some Catholics fled England after the plot, 11,000 Catholics were arrested / kept under surveillance -Walsingham was determined to find substantial evidence of Mary’s involvement in plots against Elizabeth -Passed another Act of Parliament in 1585: stated that any subject who helped or sheltered Catholic priests would face the punishment of death

Question 47

What was the Babington Plot?

Answer 47

1586: Anthony Babington aimed to restore Catholicism to England by: -Killing Elizabeth -Rescuing MQS -Placing MQS on the throne

Question 48

What were the events of the Babington Plot?

Answer 48

-Walsingham wanted to catch Mary in the act of plotting -His spy network was intercepting Mary’s outgoing and incoming letters -Walsingham placed spies within Mary’s household, persuaded Mary it was safe to communicate in secret letters -Mary placed the letters in beer barrels -Walsingham allowed Babington’s plot to develop

Question 49

What allegedly provided evidence for Mary's guilt?

Answer 49

-17th July 1586: Walsingham uncovered the evidence needed to prove Mary’s guilt -Mary wrote a letter to Babington known as the ‘Gallows Letter’ -Historians call this the ‘Gallows Letter’ because it ‘proved’ Mary’s guilt in treason and would result in her execution

Question 50

Short-term consequences of the Babington Plot?

Answer 50

-Babington and his accomplices convicted of high treason -In September 1586 they were hung, drawn and quartered -In September 1586 MQS moved to Fotheringhay Castle, closer to Elizabeth in London The Privy Council heard Mary’s trial for treason. The government declared her guilty

Question 51

Long-term consequences of Babington Plot?

Answer 51

-Elizabeth enforced even harsher punishments on English Catholics, arrested 300 recusants in London, executed 31 Catholic priests -England and Spain's relations worsened

Question 52

Why were Catholics Abroad dangerous to Elizabeth?

Answer 52

-France and Spain were Catholic, most powerful countries in Europe -close connections with the Pope -started to show support for those who challenged Elizabeth in England

Question 53

What was Counter-Reformation?

Answer 53

-started during Henry VIII's reign -The hope was to restore Catholicism in England

Question 54

Why were Jesuits a Threat to Elizabeth's reign?

Answer 54

They came to England in 1580 intending to convert Protestants to Catholicism

Question 55

What was the 1585 Act against Jesuits Seminary Priests?

Answer 55

-enacted to remove Jesuits from England -Anyone sheltering a Jesuit was arrested -Many Jesuits were executed

Question 56

Who were Robert Parsons and Edmund Campion?

Answer 56

-Jesuits missionaries sent to England in 1580 -Robert Parsons escaped from England and never returned -Edmund Campion was arrested, tortured in the Tower of London and hung, drawn and quartered for treason

Question 57

Why did the Jesuits pose a minimal threat?

Answer 57

-Throckmorton Plot was never enacted -Elizabeth’s spies, like Francis Walsingham, easily dealt with their threat -Elizabeth created laws with severe punishments that prevented people from supporting the Jesuits

Question 58

What was the Treason Act?

Answer 58

1571: -Made denying Elizabeth’s Act of Supremacy illegal -Enforced recusancy fines for Catholics who refused to attend Protestant services, but was not strongly enforced -Made it illegal to own Catholic items such as rosary beads

Question 59

What was the Act of Persuasions?

Answer 59

1581: -Recusants had to pay a fine of £20 per month, which was strongly enforced -Attending Catholic mass was treason -Converting to Catholicism was high treason

Question 60

What was the Act against Jesuits and Seminary Priests?

Answer 60

1585: -Stated that all Catholic priests must leave England or be executed -Anyone sheltering a Catholic priest would be arrested

Question 61

What was the Act Restraining Recusants?

Answer 61

1593: -Catholics had to stay within five miles of their home -Had to ask permission from the authorities if they wanted to travel more than 5 miles away from their home -Catholics were banned from large public meetings

Question 62

Overall how much was Catholicism a threat?

Answer 62

It was small: -not popular among ordinary people -1603, approximately 10% of the country was Catholic -Most people wanted to support England and Elizabeth, supporting Catholicism was seen as not English

Question 63

Why did Elizabeth's spies cause Catholic Plots to fail?

Answer 63

People like her spymaster Francis Walsingham prevented or stopped Catholic plots before they became a serious threat to Elizabeth

Question 64

Why did Punishment cause Catholic Plots to fail?

Answer 64

The laws that Elizabeth introduced came with serious punishments, deterred many people from plotting against Elizabeth

Question 65

Why did lack of support cause Catholic Plots to fail?

Answer 65

-lacked the domestic support needed to make them a genuine threat -Foreign countries, i.e. Spain and France, did not give the support that they promised to those who plotted against Elizabeth

Question 66

Why did skilled politicians cause Catholic Plots to fail?

Answer 66

Politicians, such as William Cecil, were able to persuade Elizabeth to make difficult decisions, i.e. executing MQS This prevented Catholic plots from being a serious threat

Question 67

Why did the Religious Settlement cause Catholic Plots to fail?

Answer 67

Most people in England supported Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement This made plots against Elizabeth fail as they did not gain the support needed to be successful

Question 68

What were the causes of MQS arrival in England?

Answer 68

-Murder of Lord Darnley -Marriage to Earl of Bothwell -Rebellion of Scottish nobles

Question 69

What were the consequences of MQS arrival in England?

Answer 69

-Anger amongst Elizabeth's government -Elizabeth was unsure if she should help of punish Mary -Increased threat from Catholics in Europe and within England against Elizabeth

Question 70

Why was MQS a threat to Elizabeth?

Answer 70

-Many English Catholics wanted Mary, Queen of Scots to be Queen of England, 1553-1557, England had been under the Catholic rule of Mary I -Mary’s mother, Mary of Guise, was a member of a Catholic noble family from France -Mary Queen of Scots had the support of King Philip II of Spain

Question 71

Why was MQS Executed?

Answer 71

-Walsingham had gathered a substantial amount of evidence proving Mary had wanted to depose Elizabeth -Heard reports that Philip wanted to invade England, rumoured that Mary had escaped to Wales: couldn't let Spain free Mary -Act for Preservation of Queen's Safety 1585: Meant Elizabeth could legally put Mary on trial and punish her

Question 72

When was MQS Executed?

Answer 72

8th Feb 1587

Question 73

Who were Puritans?

Answer 73

-Extreme and strict Protestants who believed: -There should be no religious compromise -John Calvin argued for the removal of all Catholic features in English churches

Question 74

Why did Puritans not pose as large a threat as Catholics?

Answer 74

-Puritans tended to raise their concerns in parliament -Puritans did not plot to overthrow or kill Elizabeth

Question 75

What were prophesyings?

Answer 75

1570s: -Puritans started to organise meetings known as prophesyings -The clergy would pray and discuss religion which was often critical of Elizbaeth’s church -These meetings were supported by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Edmund Grindal

Question 76

How did Elizabeth respond to Prophesyings?

Answer 76

-Elizabeth saw these meetings as dangerous -She ordered Grindal to ban the meetings but he refused -Grindal was suspended, 200 Puritan priests were expelled -Grindal returned after he apologised to Elizabeth

Question 77

Who was John Stubbs?

Answer 77

1583: -John Stubbs, a Puritan, published a pamphlet criticising Elizabeth’s marriage negotiations with Francis, Duke of Anjou and Aleçon

Question 78

How did Elizabeth respond to John Stubbs?

Answer 78

Stubbs was put on trial and found guilty He had his right hand cut off

Question 79

Who were Henry Barrow and John Greenwood?

Answer 79

1592: -created another separatist church in London

Question 80

What was Elizabeth's response to Henry Barrow and John Greenwood?

Answer 80

-Parliament passed 1593 Act against Seditious Sectaries which imprisoned or executed suspected separatists -Barrow and Greenwood were arrested and hanged

Question 81

Why was Elizabeth able to control Puritans more effectively when John Whitgift became the new Arch Bishop of Canterbury in 1583?

Answer 81

He introduced: -Rules banning unlicensed preaching -Recusancy fines -A new High Commission, had the power to fine and imprison Puritans who did not conform

Question 82

How did the Netherlands create conflict with England and Spain?

Answer 82

-Elizabeth agreed to send money to the Protestant rebels, approx. £60,000 -She offered protection to rebel ships in English ports which angered King Philip -1584, the leader of the Protestant rebels, William of Orange, was assassinated -1585, Elizabeth sent Robert Dudley and 7,000 soldiers to the Netherlands This was a declaration of war against Spain

Question 83

What were the events of the Spanish Armada?

Answer 83

-29th July 1588: Armada spotted in English Channel -31st July 1588: England began to fire shots at Armada -8th August 1588: Battle of Gravelines results in defeat of Armada -9th August Elizabeth made a famous speech to her troops at Tilbury

Question 84

Commander of Navy: Spain vs England

Answer 84

Spain: -The Duke of Medina-Sidonia -He was not an experienced sailor -He reportedly suffered from seasickness England: -Lord Howard of Effingham -He was not an experienced sailor but was good with naval tactics -Sir Francis Drake and John Hawkins gave support and advice to Effingham

Question 85

Type and number of ships: Spain vs England

Answer 85

-Spain's navy consisted of 130 ships -majority of their ships were for transporting soldiers rather than fighting -fleet included large ships, took a long time to manoeuvre -England's navy possessed 200 ships. -fleet consisted of small galleons, quick to turn -English only had roughly 100 ships in and around the English Channel

Question 86

Number of sailors: Spain vs England

Answer 86

-The Armada contained 30,000 soldiers -England contained 14,000 sailors to fight the Armada along with 20,000 soldiers in England

Question 87

Access to supplies: Spain vs England

Answer 87

-Spain did not have fresh food supplies -Their ships contained six months' worth of food inside barrels -Due to the proximity to England, sailors had access to fresh food every day

Question 88

Weapons: Spain vs England

Answer 88

-Spain's army had 2,431 canons -Spanish cannons took a long time to reload and worked at short-range -England fitted their ships with 200 smaller cannons -These cannons were quick to load and worked at long-range

Question 89

What was Philip's strategy for the Armada?

Answer 89

-The Armada sailed from Lisbon to Calais through the English Channel -The Duke of Parma marched an army of 20,000 soldiers from the Netherlands. Parma would meet the Armada in Calais -Parma's army would land in Kent, England with the protection of the Armada -The arrival of the Spanish army in England would trigger an uprising from English Catholics -The Spanish army, along with the English Catholics, would depose Elizabeth and restore Catholicism in England

Question 90

How Spain did not preparing the Armada effectively cause the failure of the Armada?

Answer 90

-Bad weather delayed Spain's fleet from reaching England -By the time Spain reached the English Channel, the Armada had been at sea for 10 weeks -These delays and the poor-quality barrels caused Spain's food provisions to rot -Spain also did not have enough cannonballs to fight the English ships

Question 91

How did a lack of communication between Medina-Sidonia and the Duke of Parma cause the failure of the Armada?

Answer 91

-Spanish did not have a sufficient harbour for its Armada -The Duke of Parma and Medina-Sidonia communicated by sea, messages would take a week to reach their destination -Parma received Medina-Sidonia's message that the Armada had reached the English Channel too late -The Armada became vulnerable to attack as they waited for Parma's forces to arrive

Question 92

How did Philip II's leadership of the Armada cause the failure of the Armada?

Answer 92

-Philip did not listen to his commanders' advice and concerns -He gave very restrictive instructions to Medina-Sidonia that did not allow him to take the initiative in the battles -Medina-Sidonia had little naval experience -The order for the Armada to anchor in Calais made the fleet an easy target for the English navy

Question 93

How did Spanish Tactics cause the failure of the Armada?

Answer 93

-Spain used a crescent formation during the battles, lacked the manoeuvrability needed against the English ships -The Spanish were planning on using grappling hooks or planks to board the English ships -The English stayed out of range so the Spanish were unable to use them

Question 94

How did Spanish Ships cause the failure of the Armada?

Answer 94

-Spanish galleons were known as ‘floating castles’ -Contained supplies for a land invasion which made them heavy -This made them hard to manoeuvre

Question 95

How did England's galleon ship design help to defeat the Armada?

Answer 95

-John Hawkins advised Elizabeth to build more galleons years before the Armada -They moved quicker than the Spanish warships -The sailors found galleons easier to turn around to attack the enemy -The galleon's cannon design allowed for faster reloads

Question 96

How did England's Tactics help to defeat the Armada?

Answer 96

-English ships had smaller cannons with a longer range -The English hit the Spanish Armada from a distance -The Armada was unable to get close enough to the English ships to use their more powerful cannon and boarding tactics -“Line of battle” tactic was easy to manoeuvre, created a lot of damage to enemies' ships

Question 97

How did Drake's Actions help to defeat the Armada?

Answer 97

-Drake used the fireship tactic against the Spanish at Calais -This caused the Spanish to cut their anchors and flee -The Spanish were unable to dock at a harbour and were forced into the North Sea

Question 98

How did Luck cause the failure of the Armada?

Answer 98

-The death of Spain's leading Admiral, Santa Cruz in Feb 1588 led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Armada -The weather made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the channel after the battle of Gravelines, forcing them into the dangerous waters of the North Sea -They were met by storms which destroyed the Armada, of the 151 ships that left Spain only 65 returned

Question 99

What did the defeat of the Armada show in terms of religion?

Answer 99

-God supported Elizabeth’s reign and that Protestantism was the one true religion -It strengthened Protestantism across Europe -In England, the Spanish Armada showed Catholicism as hostile and foreign -Elizabeth used this divine intervention as propaganda to strengthen her reign

Question 100

What did England's victory against the Armada prove?

Answer 100

-A queen regnant could win military campaigns -Elizabeth was a legitimate English monarch

Question 101

What propaganda did Elizabeth create to celebrate the defeat of the Spanish Armada?

Answer 101

-She commissioned the Armada portrait in 1588 -It showed Elizabeth's hand resting on a globe -This showed her subjects that Elizabeth's ambition was for England to dominate and explore the world

Question 102

How did the victory against the Armada contribute to England's navy?

Answer 102

-Contributed to England's development as a strong naval power to rival Spain -English ships went on many voyages of discovery, established trade routes i.e. India and Far East -The navy also played an important role in attempts to set up an English colony in North America

Question 103

What was the impact of the Armada on Philip II Of Spain?

Answer 103

-King Philip II of Spain was humiliated -Over the next few years, Philip continued attempts to invade England but failed