Troubled Flash Cards

Question 1

The extent to which people’s scores on a measure are correlated with other variables (known as criteria) that one would expect them to be correlated with.

Answer 1

Criterion Validity

Question 2

Criterion Validity

Answer 2

The extent to which people’s scores on a measure are correlated with other variables (known as criteria) that one would expect them to be correlated with.

Question 3

When the criterion is measured at the same time as the construct, criterion validity is referred to as…

Answer 3

Concurrent Validity

Question 4

Concurrent Validity

Answer 4

When the criterion is measured at the same time as the construct, criterion validity is referred to as…

Question 5

When the criterion is measured at some point in the future (after the construct has been measured), it is referred to as

Answer 5

Predictive Validity

Question 6

Predictive Validity

Answer 6

When the criterion is measured at some point in the future.

Question 7

Criteria can also include other measures of the same construct.

T/F

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Criteria including other measures of the same construct is known as…

Answer 8

Convergent Validity

Question 9

Convergent Validity

Answer 9

Criteria including other measures of the same construct.

Question 10

Having a clear and complete Conceptual Definition of a construct is a prerequisite for

Answer 10

Good measurement.

Question 11

POTENTIAL PROBLEMS include

Answer 11

Agreeable participants might respond in ways they believe they are expected to. They might engage in Socially Desirable Responding.

Additionally, research studies can have Built-in Demand Characteristics: subtle cues that reveal how the researcher expects participants to behave.

Question 12

Ways to reduce problems in research include

Answer 12

Make the procedure as clear and brief as possible so that participants are not tempted to vent their frustrations on your results.

Another is to guarantee participants’ anonymity and make clear to them that you are doing so.

Although informed consent requires telling participants what they will be doing, it does not require revealing your hypothesis or other information that might suggest to participants how you expect them to respond.

Finally, the effects of your expectations can be minimized by arranging to have the measure administered by a helper who is “blind” or unaware of its intent or of any hypothesis being tested.

Question 13

focuses on a single variable rather than a statistical relationship between two variables.

Answer 13

Single-Variable Research

Question 14

Single-Variable Research

Answer 14

focuses on a single variable rather than a statistical relationship between two variables.

Question 15

Internal Validity

Answer 15

is the extent to which the design of a study supports the conclusion that changes in the independent variable caused any observed differences in the dependent variable.

Question 16

The extent to which the design of a study supports the conclusion that changes in the independent variable caused any observed differences in the dependent variable.

Answer 16

Internal Validity

Question 17

Defining features of correlational research

Answer 17

The defining feature of correlational research is that the two variables are measured, neither one is manipulated, and this is true regardless of whether the variables are quantitative or categorical. It does not matter how or where the variables are measured.

Question 18

Common misconception

Answer 18

A common misconception among beginning researchers is that correlational research must involve two quantitative variables.

Question 19

Coding

Answer 19

When the observations require a judgment on the part of the observers.

Question 20

When the observations require a judgment on the part of the observers, this process is often described as

Answer 20

Coding