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Geog > Trouble with water > Flashcards

Trouble with water Flashcards

1
Q

Why is water important?

A

Because water is essential for survival. It also has a large variety in human use. Agricultural- farming activities
Domestic- reservoirs
Generating electricity- power plants

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2
Q

What forms water consists of

A 
Water (liquid)
Water vapour (gas)
Ice (solid)
They are driven by the energy of the sun
Move from atmosphere and ocean and land
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3
Q

What are the six steps of the water cycle

A
  1. Evaporation
  2. Transpiration
  3. Condensation
  4. Precipitation
  5. Surface runoffs
  6. Infiltration
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4
Q

What is a river basin

A

A river basin is a land drained by rivers and its tributaries

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5
Q

What is a watershed

A

A watershed is an imaginary line that separates neighbouring river basins

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6
Q

What are some examples of fresh water? How many percent do they consists of?

A

Firstly fresh water consists of 3 percent of the world’s water resource. The fresh water about 68.7 is ice caps and glaciers. 30.1 of groundwater and 0.3 of surface water. 87 are lakes, 11 are swamps and 2 are rivers

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7
Q

What does water sources refers to

A

Refers to fresh water for human use

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8
Q

Places with () water resources doesn’t guarantee ()

A

Abundant, secure water supply

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9
Q

What affects the availability of fresh water?

A

Size of population

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10
Q

What is threatening the global water supply

A

Increasing of population, global warming and water pollution

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11
Q

What are the major water resources of China?

A

Rives, lakes, glaciers and groundwater

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12
Q

Rivers:

A

Chang Jiang,Zhu Jiang and Huang He provides water for cities and provinces

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13
Q

Lakes:

A

Located in the middle and lower course of Chang Jiang, provides water for cities.

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14
Q

Glaciers

A

The high mountains are located in the western part of China and we can often find Glaciers there. Most rivers receive meltwater from glaciers in spring and that is a major water resource for the whole country especially for the northern arid areas.

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15
Q

Groundwater

A

Groundwater are stored in the aquifers between rock layers in the ground. They can be extracted by drilling wells and from pumping machines. There Are rich reserves of groundwater in China and they are a major resource for Beijing and Tianjin

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16
Q

What are aquifers

A

Aquifers are a layer of water-bearing stone formed by rain water infiltrated the ground.

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17
Q

How are water distributed in China

A

Water is unevenly distributed in China. The rainfall decreases from southeast to northwest. The river flow and groundwater vary in different regions. This affects the ability of water for people. Water resources is more scarce in northwest than southeast.

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18
Q

China water resources per capita is () of world’s average and some people may not have enough for their ()

A

One-forth, daily consumptions

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19
Q

In China, four major wet and dry regions can be classified according to the annual rainfall, including (), (), () and ()

A

Dry regions, semi-arid regions, wet regions and semi-wet regions

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20
Q

What are the major elements that will affect the distribution of water resources in China?

A

Monsoon system (summer monsoon), distance from the sea and relief

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21
Q

Monsoon system

A

The coastal areas of China is affected by the monsoon system- a seasonal change in wind direction due to the temperature difference between the land and the sea. The summer monsoon wind brings heavy rain and moisture to the coastal areas and form a distinct wet season. Inland areas are not affected by the monsoon wind so there is a difference in rainfall amount.

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22
Q

Distance from the sea

A

In summer, the onshore winds brings typhoons and heavy rain to the coast. But when the wind goes further inland, the more moister it lists. The increase between the distance from the sea will cause decrease to the the moisture in the wind.

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23
Q

Relief

A

The Himalaya forms a rugged relief barrier between India and China. This blocks the wet wind from reaching Northwest China and making it a dry region.

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24
Q

What are the water problems in China?

A

Flooding, droughts and water pollution

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25
Q

Problem of flooding, and where flooding usually hit?

A

Flooding occurs when the river channel cannot hold all water and all excess water overflows the river basin. Southern and eastern, middle and lower course of major rivers are located.

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26
Q

Problem of drought

A

When a prolonged dry period and not enough water for daily necessities. Eastern and southern

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27
Q

Problem of water pollution and why

A

When harmful substances are discharged into rivers.fresh water resources are unusable. Southern and eastern are most serious because rapid economic growth and huge population.

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28
Q

Damage caused by flooding in China

A
  1. Loss of property- many homes are destroyed
  2. Disruption of transport- many infrastructure like bridges and roads are damaged so the place becomes less accessible
  3. Damage of crops- farmlands are damaged and food production is lessen
  4. Outbreak of disease- the water may be contaminated and spread infectious disease such as cholera
29
Q

Damage caused by Drought

A

Not only affect our daily lives, but economic too

  1. Water supply is not enough because rivers dry up and groundwater reserves is not replenished
  2. Crops and livestock died of lack of water supply
  3. Water transport are disrupted due to low water level
  4. Hydro electric power plants are not able to generate electricity due to the low water level, domestic, industrial and commercial don’t have enough electricity.
  5. Less vegetation coverage made soil erosion more serious
  6. Reduced river flow cannot dilute pollutants.
30
Q

What are the natural causes of flooding?

A

Heavy rainfall, low lying relief and snowmelt water

31
Q

Talk about how heavy rainfall will cause flooding

A

The summer monsoon will bring moisture and heavy rainfall to the coast of eastern and southern China, the volume of river rapid increase which is increasing the risk of flooding. Global climate change made rainstorm and typhoon these extreme natural events occur more and increase the risk of flooding..

32
Q

Talk about how low lying relief will cause flooding

A

Low lying relief are more prone to flooding. The lower course of major rivers are flat and gentle, and the river channel are shallow. So easier to overflow the river basin.

33
Q

Talk about how Snowmelt water cause floods

A

In spring, the snow from high mountains in western part of China melts and the river flow increased rapidly, causing snowmelt flood.

34
Q

Talk about some human factors that will cause flooding

A

Deforestation, urbanisation, reclamation and poor management of water defences

35
Q

Talk about how deforestation affects flooding

A

Forests in the Upper part of the river course is cleared for food, raw materials and fuels to support the rapid economic growth?

  1. Surface runoffs rapidly increase, and many excess water flow into river channels in lower areas.
  2. Soil erosion becomes Moore serious. As more sediments aren washed into rivers lowering their capacity
36
Q

How urban development increase the chance of flooding

A

Eastern part of China are urbanised, land surface is covered with impermeable concrete material and infiltration has decreased significantly. Flooding

37
Q

How reclamation increase the chance of flooding

A

Lakes can can store sediments and water to regulate the river flow and prevent them from overflowing. But many lakes have been reclaimed for land so increase risk of flooding every bloody time.

38
Q

How does poor management of water defence increase the risk of flooding

A

Dykes and dams are built to protect cities and provinces from flooding. However, some of them are poorly maintained so they fail lor.

39
Q

What are the natural factors that cause drought?

A

Abnormal low rainfall, extreme high temperature and large scale deforestation

40
Q

How abnormal low rainfall cause drought?

A

When the summer monsoon arrive late or weak there will be not enough rainfall. The rainfall received each year is closely related with the onset and strength of monsoon winds.

41
Q

How extreme high temperature increase the risk of drought.

A

When the temperature is high, it speeds up the evaporation of water and river become dry and drought may occur more often.

42
Q

How large scale deforestation increase the risk of drought?

A

With less vegetation coverage, more soil is exposed to erosion and less infiltration of water. Disrupts the water cycle.

43
Q

What are some human factors that cause droughts?

A

Urban development, inefficient water usage and water pollution.

44
Q

How urban development increases the risk of drought

A

The extraction of groundwater is getting larger and many water reserves declined since it’s running out of stock. Water is insufficient to satisfy the demand and groundwater is over-extracted which lead to the lowering of the water table.

45
Q

How insufficient use of water increase the risk of droughts?

A

Agricultural is largest water consuming centre, low adoption of after-saving irrigation has cause a loss of water resources. Low water prices, poor industrial technologies, leakage of water pipes and poor water conservation awareness are also leading to the extra loss of water resources.

46
Q

How water pollution affects the rate of droughts?

A

Many harmful substances and pollutants have been released to rivers making the water not clean for drinking and using. This reduced the amount of fresh water available for use, huge population increase and improved living standards produce a heavy demand for water. Water shortage problem is obvious over the regions.

47
Q

In general, the ()rivers are more polluted tHan () rivers. In particular (),() and ().

A

Northern,southern, Chang Jiang, Huang he, zhu jiang

48
Q

What are the cause and impact of water pollution

A

East China is the most fast growing economic region ( industrial, farming and commercial activities)
They discharge huge amount of sewage water with heavy metal and toxic chemical into river, contaminating fresh water resource. But there is not enough sewage treatment facilities and many people illegally discharge their wastewater making the situation more serious. Moreover when there’s less rainfall it’s harder to dilute pollutants.

49
Q

What are the changes in water cycle

A

Transpiration and rainfall, surface runoff and infiltration and groundwater storage

50
Q

Talk about what changes are in transpiration and rainfall.

A

Less vegetation coverage% transpiration is reduced.
Less water evaporation due to reclamation
Less water vapour condenses into water droplet and less rainfall.

51
Q

Talk about the changes in infiltration and surface runoffs

A

Land surface is covered with impermeable concrete material thus less infiltration. Surface runoff decreases due to less rainfall and water extraction for human use

52
Q

Groundwater storage

A

Less groundwater storage due to less infiltration and less rainfall plus human extraction (pumping of groundwater)

53
Q

what measures have been adopted to droughts

A

Dykes, dams, widening straightening and deepening dams, and regular dredging

54
Q

Dams

A

Dams are built in the upper and middle course of rivers to regulate river flow and store water during heavy rains

55
Q

Dykes

A

Built to increase the channel capacity and prevent a river from overflowing

56
Q

Widening, deepening and straightening a river

A

To increase the flow rate and increase the capacity

57
Q

Regular dredging

A

To clear silts in river beds and maintain the capacity of the river channel

58
Q

Two land use planning to adopt flooding

A

Afforestation and prohibit illegal reclamation

59
Q

Afforestation

A

To increase forest coverage, but now have the return farmlands to forest plan to converse soil and reduce surface runoff. It’s to reduce soil erosion and prevent silting of rivers

60
Q

Prohibit illegal reclamation of lakes

A

Returning farmland to lakes policy is enforced to restore lake area

61
Q

Land use zoning

A

The density of development and the type of land use is carefully planned in frequently flooded regions.
High risk place: buffer zones and low density development

62
Q

What measures have been adopted to alleviate drought

A

Reservoirs are built
transfer water resources from water rich regions to water poor regions
Reduce water pollution
Cloud seeding

63
Q

Reservoirs are built to ()

A

Store water for use during drought period

64
Q

The project that will transfer water from water rich areas to water poor areas is called what

A

South north water transfer project

It’s to transfer water from Chang Jiang to regions in northern China

65
Q

How to reduce water pollution

A

Prohibit illegal dispatch of untreated sewage water, increase sewage treatment facilities

66
Q

Induce rainfall by using () like ()

A

Advanced technologies , cloud seeding

67
Q

How to reduce water consumption?

A

Mulching
Drip irrigation
Organise education campaigns to promote water conservation
Use advanced water-saving technologies and recycling facilities
Raise the price of water
Introduce drought resistance species

68
Q

What is drip irrigation

A

To drip water slowly to save water and slow down evaporation

69
Q

What is mulching

A

Put plastic sheets on top of soil to slow down the evaporation of water

Geog (1 decks)

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