Tropical Medicine Flashcards
What tropical illnesses present with anemia?
Histoplasmosis
Hookworm
Tropical sprue
Visceral leishmaniasis
What tropical illnesses typically present with acute fever?
Dengue
Ebola-Marburg hemorrhagic fever
What tropical illnesses present with chronic fever?
Actinomycosis AIDS Brucellosis Histoplasmosis Relapsing fever Typhoid fever
What tropical illness is characterized by recurring fever?
Malaria
Which tropical illnesses present with exanthem with fever?
Chikungunya Childhood exanthem Dengue Enterovirus exanthems Rickettsioses (eg. boutonneuse fever)
Which tropical illnesses present with fever and hemorrhage or shock?
Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever Dengue Dengue hemorrhagic fever Dengue shock syndrome Ebola-Marburg hemorrhagic fever Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome Lassa fever Leptospirosis
Which tropical illnesses present with life-threatening signs (eg. coma, septicemia)?
Anthrax Chagas disease Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever Dengue hemorrhagic fever Dengue shock syndome Ebola-Marburg hemorrhagic fever Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
What tropical illness presents with lymphedema?
Filariasis
Which tropical illnesses present with heart murmur?
Chagas disease
Enteroviral carditis
Which tropical illnesses present with myocarditis?
Rheumatic heart disease
Trichinosis
Which tropical illnesses are associated with coma?
Cerebral malaria (P. falciparum) Japanese encephalitis Meningococcal meningitis Rabies Tick-borne encephalitis
Which tropical illnesses present with localizing signs of a neurologic lesion?
Angiostrongyliasis Botulism Cryptococcosis Cysticercosis Diphtheria Echinococcosis Gnathostomiasis Lyme disease Meningococcal meningitis Naegleria infection Poliomyelitis Schistosomiasis Tetanus
Which tropical illnesses present with eye pain, swelling or reddening?
Chagas disease (Romana's sign) Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis Loiasis Onchocerciasis Trachoma Trichinosis
Which tropical illnesses present with abdominal pain?
Amebiasis Anisakiasis Giardiasis Hymenolepiasis Salmonellosis Strongyloidiasis Taeniasis
Which tropical illnesses present with acute diarrhea?
Bacillus cereus Campylobacter Clostridium perfringens E. coli Rotavirus Salmonellosis Trichuriasis Vibrio parahemolyticus
Which tropical illnesses present with bloody diarrhea?
Amebic dysentery
Campylobacter
Shigellosis
Which tropical illnesses present with chronic diarrhea?
AIDS
Clonorchiasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Giardiasis
Which tropical illnesses present with hepatomegaly?
Amebic liver abscess Chagas disease Clonorchiasis Echinococcus Histoplasmosis Schistosomiasis Visceral leishmaniasis
Which tropical illnesses present with jaundice?
Viral hepatitis
Leptospirosis
Malaria
Which tropical illnesses present with splenomegaly?
Chagas disease Chronic malaria Schistosomiasis Typhoid fever Visceral leishmaniasis
Which tropical illnesses present with vomiting?
Bacillus cereus
Rotavirus
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
Which tropical illnesses may present with visible worms?
Ascariasis
Taeniasis (tapeworm)
Which tropical illness present with hematuria?
Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium)
Which tropical illnesses present with cough?
Ascariasis Bacterial and chlamydial respiratory infections Paragonomiasis Pertussis Psittacosis Tuberculosis URIs
Which tropical illnesses present with lesions visible on chest X-ray?
Blastomycosis Echinococcosis Histoplasmosis Melioidosis Psittacosis Tuberculosis
Which tropical illnesses present with pneumonia?
AIDS Anthrax Ascariasis Blastomycosis Coccidioidomycosis Histoplasmosis Legionella Paragonomiasis Plague Psittacosis Q fever Scrub typhus Strongyloidiasis Tuberculosis
Which tropical illness presents with local anesthesia?
Leprosy
Which tropical illness presents with anal pruritis?
Enterobiasis
Which tropical illnesses presents with pruritis?
Onchocerciasis
Toxocariasis
Which tropical illnesses present with rash?
Boutonneuse fever Chikungunya Childhood exanthems Dengue Enteroviral exanthems
Which tropical illnesses present with swelling or erythematous lesions?
Chagas disease Gnathostomiasis Loiasis Lyme disease Pinta
Which tropical illnesses present with ulcer, eschar, or abscess?
Anthrax Chagas disease Coccidioidomycosis Cutaneous leishmaniasis Lymphgranuloma venereum African trypanosomiasis Scrub typhus Yaws
What is the causative agent of Chagas disease?
Trypanosoma Cruzei
What are the reservoirs for Chagas disease?
Trypanosoma cruzei can be found in over 150 different species of domestic and wild animals, including dogs, cats, mice, rats, armadillos, rodents, and human beings.
How is Chagas disease transmitted?
Chagas is transmitted by the triatomine bug, AKA “kissing bug” or reduviid bug. While the bug is taking a blood meal it passes feces onto the bitten. The trypanosome may enter through the bite wound.
What are the signs of acute Chagas disease?
Soon after infection, a local skin nodule “chagoma” may appear at the inoculation site. When the bite is near the eye Romana sign may appear characterized by periorbital edema and hyperemic conjunctiva. Other manifestations are fever, hard edema in the limbs, hepatosplenomegaly, tachycardia, and AV blockage. In breastfeeding children a deadly meningoencephalitis may occur.
What is the chronic phase of Chagas disease?
Years to decades after initial infection patients may develop manifestations of damaged cardiac muscle, including arrhythmia, RBBB, and cardiomegaly. Some strains have tropism for the Auerbach and Meissner plxi of the GI tract leading to leading to dysphagia, constipation, megacolon, and meteorism.
How is Chagas diagnosed?
In the acute phase the parasite is detected by direct methods in the blood. In the chronic phase serologic test are used with the WHO recommending that three serum tests be applied with at least two being positive.
What is the primary treatment for Chagas disease?
Benznidazole is the primary treatment for acute Chagas for both adults and children. This is taken for 60 days. Chronic Chagas treatment is based on treatment of the complications such as heart failure and conduction blocks.
