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242 > Tropical Forests > Flashcards

Tropical Forests Flashcards

1
Q

How much deforestation occurred between 2001-2020?

A

148 million km2, larger than France, Spain and Germany combined, over half of all global forest loss.

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2
Q

What is prediction of fragmentation?

A

50% within 100m of forest edge by 2100.

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3
Q

How much moist tropical forest is degraded?

A

10% of remaining in 2020.

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4
Q

Why is biodiversity loss important for tropical deforestation?

A

Tropics support over 2/3 known species.

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5
Q

What health issues do tropical forests exacerbate?

A

Increased malaria and infant mortality due to smoke forest fires.

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6
Q

What country level factors lead to deforestation?

A

GDP, Population growth, agricultural expansion/productivity, commodity trade and infrastructure access.

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7
Q

How much is ag responsible for? Pendrill et al., 2022

A

90% deforestation occurred in landscapes where agriculture drove forest loss, only 50% converted into productive agricultural land.

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8
Q

What are most deforestation policies based on? Pendrill et al., 2022

A

Statements that agricultural expansion and production drive 80% of tropical deforestation.

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9
Q

How much deforestation is cattle pasture? Pendrill et al., 2022

A

Accounts for around half, or 62.5% of agricultural tropical deforestation, according to the World Resources Institue.

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10
Q

How much tropical forest is degraded by cattle pasture annually? Pendrill et al., 2022

A

1.9 Mha to 2.7 Mha per year

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11
Q

How does disease relate to modifiable environmental factors? (Berazneva and Byker, 2017)

A

1/4 of all premature deaths and 1/4 of global disease burden.

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12
Q

What is the most prevalent disease in developing nations? (Berazneva and Byker, 2017)

A

Diarrhea respiratory infections and malaria, especially in children.

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13
Q

How much land do world’s forest cover? (Berazneva and Byker, 2017)

A

4 billion hectares o 31% of land surface.

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14
Q

What was forest loss in Nigeria between 1900 and 2015? (Berazneva and Byker, 2017)

A

Lost over 17 million hectares of forest.

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15
Q

What is death rate within ages in Nigeria? (Berazneva and Byker, 2017)

A

Under five mortality rate is 117 deaths per 1,000 live births, and 560 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.

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16
Q

What are deaths of children under 5 attributable to? (Berazneva and Byker, 2017)

A

21% attributable to Malaria, 15 to acute respiratory infections and 10 to diarrhoea.

17
Q

Why is timber important in Nigeria? (Berazneva and Byker, 2017)

A

50% of its population relies on biomass for cooking.

18
Q

What do forests do for Nigeria? (Berazneva and Byker, 2017)

A

Regulate temperature and breeding and survivorship of malaria carrying mosquitoes, as well as filtering water, 70% of Nigeria still lacking access to water.

19
Q

How does forest loss relate to malaria incidence? (Berazneva and Byker, 2017)

A

It significantly increases in the first two years, decreasing to zero in the third.

20
Q

How do tropical rainforests interact with the atmosphere?

A

Moderate flux of energy and water between land/atmosphere, affecting atmospheric chemistry through trace gas exchange.

21
Q

How do they regulate climate?

A

Moisture evaporation affects radiation partitioning between sensible and latent heat as well as water vapor generation of rainfall and as a buffer to droughts.

22
Q

What is the Bowen Ratio?

A

Expresses partitioning of net radiation at a surface.

23
Q

How much of the Amazon has been deforested? - (Baker and Spracklen, 2019)

A

Almost 20%

24
Q

Where has most of this occured? - (Baker and Spracklen, 2019)

A

Southern margins of the basin, called the “Arc of deforestation”.

25
Q

Why is the PRODES satellite imaging flawed? - (Baker and Spracklen, 2019)

A

Only considers primary forest removal, excludes small-scale patches, underestimating recent deforestation by potentially a factor of two.

26
Q

How much of deforestation is small-scale? - (Baker and Spracklen, 2019)

A

40% from 2001-2014

27
Q

What does deforestation of the Amazon negatively impact? - (Baker and Spracklen, 2019)

A

Perturbing global carbon balance, temperature/precipitation changes outside of the Amazon, exacerbate drought impact due to reduced atmospheric moisture transport downwind.

28
Q

How does amazon deforestation impact local microclimate? - (Baker and Spracklen, 2019)

A

Lower net surface radiation due to higher albedo and greater outgoing longwave radiation.

29
Q

What does the data show on deforestation cliamte impacts? - (Baker and Spracklen, 2019)

A

Despite lower energy balances, deforested sites 2C warmer with higher diurnal and seasonal temperature variability.

30
Q

Why does microclimate chagnes occur with deforestation? - (Baker and Spracklen, 2019)

A

Differences in Evapotranspiration, eddy covariance flux with lower ET and higher sensible heating over pasture.

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