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Tropical ecology test 1 > tropical ecology test one > Flashcards

tropical ecology test one Flashcards

1
Q

Oviposition

A

another organism takes eggs and moves it somewhere

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2
Q

Insect spiracles

A

tubes for breathing air on insect

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3
Q

vector

A

living organism that transmits infectious agents

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4
Q

Interspecific interactions

A

interactions between different species in a comunity

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5
Q

Symbiosis

A

relationship between species that is mutually beneficial

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6
Q

Brood Parasites

A

an organism that lays their eggs in another species nest to get raised

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7
Q

Predation

A

parasitism, 1 organism gains and 1 organism loses

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8
Q

Diurnal

A

out during the day

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9
Q

Nocturnal

A

out during the night

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10
Q

Final Consumers

A

Bateria or fungi scavengers

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11
Q

Energy Stored by Seconday Consumers

A

omnivores/ carnavores/ scavenger

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12
Q

Energy Stored by Primary Consumer

A

herbavores & primates (monkeys)

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13
Q

Energy Stored by Producers

A

plants & plankton

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14
Q

Botfly

A

Plants eggs on root plant hairs and when rodent walks by, the body heat makes them hatch, have 2 anal hooks to hold them in their meat burrow, unwanted in skins of mammals of birds; if you try to remove, it could break and give an infection

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15
Q

Psorophora (mosquito)

A

Mosquito genus; egg carrier of Dermatobia; botfly eggs are put on mosquito and when mosquito lands, it goes to different places

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16
Q

Giant Cowbird

A

Brood parasite, locates nest of host (like a Oropendola), develop rapidly, are aggressive, and steals food from the nests rightful inhabitants (parasite gains)

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17
Q

Oropendola Birds

A

Nest in colonies in the canopy of a single tree and wasps draw maggots away

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18
Q

Polybia (Social wasps)

A

Respond/ protect to nest shaking and foreign odors like sweat- nasty venom

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

Mishchchocyttarus immarginatus (wasps)

A

Slender with black and yellow stripes, builds nest with more aggressive social wasps (Polybia) <- commensalism

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21
Q

Matatorsalo plant

A

(botfly-killer) white sap

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22
Q

Trogon birds

A

Build nest inside wasp nest so botflys don’t get to the babies

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23
Q

Tropic of Cancer

A

30 degrees North

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24
Q

Tropic of Capricorn

A

30 degrees south

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25
Q

Trade winds

A

East to west between 30 degrees North and South

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26
Q

Humboldt Current

A

Massive Rainshadow

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27
Q

Gulf stream

A

a strong ocean current that brings warm water from the Gulf of Mexico into the Atlantic Ocean

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28
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

the result of Earth’s rotation on weather patterns and ocean currents

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29
Q

Hadley Cells

A

Created at the equator when we get to much rain in the tropics and the cool water sinks and the hot air rises creating weird wind patterns

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30
Q

Equator

A

At the equator the time of sun each day never changes because no matter what way the earth is rotated the equator will always be directly facing the sun.

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31
Q

why does rain fall so much in the tropical rainforest (Hadley cell)

A

Hot air rises, the cool air runs underneath it picking up the ocean water and the clouds are not able to hold much water than rainfalls.

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32
Q

Temperature vs elevation

A

For every 1000 ft you climb the temperature drops by 3 degrees Fahrenheit.

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33
Q

Fecundity-

A

the ability to produce an abundance of offspring or new growth

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34
Q

Riparian

A

Relating to wet lands adjacent to rivers and streams

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35
Q

Mycorrhizal relationships

A

root systems bounded together with fungi in mutual beneficial relationships

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36
Q

Edentates

A

having few or no teeth

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37
Q

Ruminants

A

swallows food then brings it back up to continue chewing

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38
Q

Arboreal

A

living in trees

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39
Q

Modal trees

A

trees a sloth spends a lot of time in and the tree loses at least 10% of their total production to the sloth

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40
Q

Mate acquisition

A

contest in which males engage in charging bouts accompanied by wing flipping

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41
Q

TRF floor significance

A

-home to many species
-rely on its scarce nutrients
-the floor itself is covered in litter with only a few centimeters of good soil under it.
-Animals and insects will eat what falls on to the floor and store nutrients for themselves.

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42
Q

Long horned beetles

A

Chew through hard materials such as wood ridding the floor of it

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43
Q

millipedes

A

Crawl along forest floor making very audible steps devouring leaves and dump and wood

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44
Q

Termites

A

Toil in the dark under the cover of bark or soil,their protozoans rid them of harsh coarse nutrients such as wood

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45
Q

Scarab beetles (Canton)

A

They roll dung on the forest floor and provide nutrients for other organisms

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46
Q

Ottitid flies

A

They set up for mate acquisition where then sacrabs feed and burry eggs

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47
Q

Staphylinid beetles

A

Burrow into dung heaps in search of other beetles or insect eggs to devour, predatory

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48
Q

Vampyrum spectrum (bats)

A

Is the largest new-world bat, and predatory. They roost inside hollow trees and provide nutrients within the roosts.

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49
Q

Buttresses

A

Large, wing-like supportive sides to many species of trees

50
Q

Succession

A

The process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time.

51
Q

Climax community

A

Forests re-grow according to a pretty predictable set of stages to eventually end up as a mature forest

52
Q

Neotropical Forests

A

Tropical rainforest tend to be more dynamic temperate forest

53
Q

Epiphyte

A

An organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water or from debris accumulating around it.

54
Q

Liana

A

Plants with long, flexible, climbing stems that are rooted in the ground

55
Q

Niche Partitioning

A

When many species of a kind of organism live in an area

56
Q

Emergent Layer

A

Top- most sunlight- oldest and tallest trees- wind blows seeds and pollen- only animals that can fly or swing that live at top of forest- climate changes very fast- animals have to adapt

57
Q

Canopy Layer

A

Thickest layer-takes most sunlight- lots of leaves- monkeys- birds- tropical fruit- lots of sunlight- 10 meters think- prevent 95% of sunlight- hotter then understory

58
Q

Understory Layer

A

Most colorful- many plants and flowers- warm and damp- flowers contribute to pollination- lots of bugs for pollination- lots of humidity- hidden caves- hollow trees

59
Q

forest floor

A

Bottom-made up of leaves and roots-largest- where life begins and ends- shady and cold- habit of many animals- moist- seeds and fruit fall- everything decomposes on floor- creates nutrients- has rivers and steams

60
Q

Large Gap Specialist

A

Some species seeds rely on lots of light- grow quickly and spread leaves into crown- require 1000 square yards- “shotgun reproductive strategy” lots of tiny seeds

61
Q

Small Gap Specialist

A

can germinate in the shade- have large seed which facilitate rapid development of large root systems

62
Q

Long-Horned Harlequin Beetle

A

Part of the decomposing process that happens when a tree falls

63
Q

Passion Vine Flowers

A

Quickly grow when a light gap is created, and attracts butterflies with its sweet nectar

64
Q

Monkey

A

Monkeys travel across the rain forest in order to eat the foliage that grows after a new light gap is created.

65
Q

Epiphyte

A

any plant that grows upon another plant for physical support

66
Q

Skototropism

A

growth or movement away from light

67
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

When different species grow and adapt to needing similar things

68
Q

Leaf polymorphism

A

on the same plant you can have different leaf shape

69
Q

What are the three advantages of inhabiting the tree-tops (epiphytes)?

A

Allows small plants to
partake of strong tropical sunlight,potential for seed dispersal by the wind is increased,

70
Q

.How do orchids reduce water loss

A

Keeping their stomata closed during the day and open
Them at night.

71
Q

What are the three ways epiphytes in general have devised to reduce water loss?

A

Plants vie for excreted carbon dioxide during the day
Humidity sensitive hairs that surround each pore
Reduce through exposed roots by surrounding them with a layer of dead cells

72
Q

What adaptation have many bromeliads developed to conserve water? How much at a time??

A

They have evolved into a clump like shape with leaves that funnel toward the central stem. The bases merge to form a watertight tank and can store as much as 2 gallons of water at a time.

73
Q

5.How does the shape of epiphytes lend to their nutrient collection?

A

They have evolved basket like shapes that are efficient at catching falling litter.

74
Q

how do epiphytes have an mutualistic relationship with ants

A

offer ants hollow tubers or other
Structures nest for nest sites, and in return they receive nutrients from the garbage and excreta
of the ant colony.

75
Q

A commensalistic relationship with bats and birds?

A

The epiphytes are benefited
because of the dung that the bats and birds supply while the bats and birds are being unharmed.

76
Q

Are most epiphytes parasites? Why or why not?

A

Epiphytes are not parasites because
they only use their host plants as platforms and do not rob them of nutrients.

77
Q

What kinds of adaptations by trees have helped prevent epiphytes from colonizing

A

Drip tip leaves and smooth bark both shed water fast. Flaky skins also dislodge epiphytes.

78
Q

What kind of symbiotic relationship do lianas (vines) have with trees?

A

The vines and trees are both competing for light and the vines use the trees to try and reach the top of the canopy. The vines put weight on the tree and nutrients and moisture has been taken.

79
Q

Relate liana leaf shape and size to height.

A

The size (height) of vines and the size of their leaves is a direct relationship. The higher up a vine is on a tree, the larger the leaves will be. And the lower a vine is to the ground, the smaller the leaves will be.

80
Q

scrambling vines

A

vines that grow rapidly towards openings in the forest for sunlight until the forest closes in overhead

81
Q

orchids

A

-Orchids are a prime example of epiphytes because they grow high up on their host trees.
-Orchids also grow bulbous stems that act as a water storage unit

82
Q

(Sarracenia)
Trumpet Pitchers

A

These pitchers have modified their leaves into water-holding tubes that trap insects

83
Q

(Heliamphora)
Sun Pitchers / Marsh Pitchers

A

These pitchers have modified their leaves into water-holding tubes that trap insects

84
Q

(Darlingtonia)
California Pitcher Plant

A

These pitchers have modified their leaves in

85
Q

Nepenthes
Tropical Pitcher Plants

A

Modified their leaves into water-holding tubes that trap insects

86
Q

Billbergia litoralis
Tank Bromeliads

A

They have long leafs that funnel toward the center of the stem and their base merges to form a water tank that can hold up to 2 gallons of water. It is also home to many different animals like frog tadpoles and many mosquitoes mate in the tank as well.

87
Q

Mycorrhizal Fungi

A

roots invade the host tree and will sometimes digest the cellulose and lignin that the tree uses for structural support (this is a parasitic epiphyte)

88
Q

Monstera gigantea
Monstera

A

They grow on the surface of the tree until the plant hits direct sunlight.
Then the leaves grow to where the light is most abundant. They grow with cuts in the leaves and it becomes like an umbrella to get more sunlight.

89
Q

Frugivores

A

animals that eat fruit

90
Q

Aerial Roots

A

roots that grow down from trees to the ground

91
Q

stomata

A

pores on leaves that cause gas exchange

92
Q

Niche

A

hole/gap in aerial roots

93
Q

Pedipalps

A

second pair of appendages on most arachnids used for sensory purposes

94
Q

Dewlaps

A

brightly colored flaps on lizards necks used for mating

95
Q

Leistrimella mel. strategy

A

steal nutrients from other meliponinae

96
Q

Gonatodes geckos
Yellow-headed gecko

A

Color of their heads good for mating but obvious to predators

97
Q

Anolis dewlaps
Brown anole ant

A

Get females to mate with males

98
Q

Polistes “picadura” or “ojo de agua”
Paper wasp, red wasp

A

Live in lizard-sized crevices, large and pugnacious

99
Q

Stelopolybia wasp

A

Smaller wasps to the polistes, live in colonies of thousands of them so very hard to evict

100
Q

Meliponinae
Stingless bees

A

Steels honey from other bees’ nests

101
Q

Monacis ants
Dolichoderus

A

Live in abandoned bee/wasp nests in trees

102
Q

Componotus
Carpenter ant

A

Eat wood and make nests out of dead trees

103
Q

Dioecious

A

separate male and female plants

104
Q

Cauliflory-

A

flower in trees the allows bats to roost while to probes nectar- facilitates nectar drinking

105
Q

TRF flowers pollination-

A

animals/ insects; don’t use wind b/c random scatter shot and nutrient area is not guaranteed

106
Q

Flowers attract pollinators-

A

nectar, pollen, fragrances, and oils

107
Q

Common pollinators

A

majority are insects, hummingbirds, and bats

108
Q

Coevolution between flowers and pollinators

A

plant finetune morphology and ecology to match its pollinator; change form, color, and behavior of flowers

109
Q

Coevolution

A

pollinators and flowers are very specific to each other

110
Q

Trapline behavior

A

pollinators visit same plants everyday to get nectar and pollinate them, guaraentees pollen bring widely dispersed

111
Q

Red and orange flowers, platform shaped

A

butterflies and moths

112
Q

Red and orange flowers, trumpet shaped

A

hummingbirds

113
Q

stinky flowers

A

Beetle and flesh flies

114
Q

Heavy perfume and White flowers

A

Hawkmoths

115
Q

white flowers

A

bats

116
Q

Tropical

A
  • lack of seasons, so flowers are blooming all the time (only wet and dry season)
  • individuals of a species are farther apart
  • most plants are dioecious (not much self-pollination)
  • trapline behavior
117
Q

temperate

A
  • seasonality; flowers grow in patches, not individually (“BIG BANG”- attracts many different polinators <- flies, moths, bees, and social bees)
  • more generalization on which organisms can polinate
118
Q

Heliconia

A

Trumpet shaped flower

119
Q

Reeking flowers

A

Musty smell and bats come for nectors

120
Q

flowers relationship with bat

A

Flowers antlers rub pollen on the bat

Tropical ecology test 1 (2 decks)

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