Trinchero Review Notes - CSW Flashcards
Ingredients for Wine
Water, Alcohol, Acid, Sugar, Phenolic Compounds
Percentage of Water in Wine
80-90%
Types of Sugar - Wine
Fructose and Glucose
Grape Acids
Tartaric, Malic, Citric, Succinic
Fermentation Acids
Lactic, Acetic, Succinic
PH of Wine
2.9 - 3.9 (lower PH = more acid)
Most prevalent acid in wine
Tartaric Acid
Phenolic Compounds
Anythocyanins, flavonals, tannins, vanillin, resveratrol
Wine fault : Mold related: musty, moldy, dank basement, wet cardboard
2,4,6 Trichloroanisole (TCA) : AKA Cork Taint
Wine fault: Bacteria related odors
Acidic Acid, Butyric Acid, Ethyl Acetate, Geranium
Wine Fault: Bacteria related odors: Vinegar
Acidic Acid
Wine Fault: Bacteria related odors: rancid butter, goat
Butyric Acid
Wine Fault: Bacteria related odors: Nail polish remover, model airplane glue
ethyl acetate
Wine Fault: Bacteria related odors: crushed leaves
Geranium
Wine fault: mold related odors: wet cardboard
TCA
Wine Fault: sulfur related odors: burnt matches
sulfur dioxide
Wine Fault: sulfur related odors: rotten eggs
hydrogen sulfide
Wine Fault: sulfur related odors: garlic and onions
Mercaptan
Wine Fault: other fault odors: horsey, bandaid
Brettanomyces
Wine Fault: other fault odors: leaves, under ripe grapes
Green
Wine Fault: other fault odors: nutty, caramel
oxidized
Wine Fault: other fault odors: cooked odor, sweet
maderized
Wine Fault: other fault odors: cabbage, burnt rubber
reductive (lack of oxygen)
Wine Fault: other fault odors: bread dough
yeasty/leesy
Viticulture: Venus
Vitis
Viticulture: grouping of genetically similar plants
Species
Viticulture: Subspecies - ex: Pinot Noir
Variety
Viticulture: offspring of two subspecies in the same species.
EX: Cab. Franc + Sav. Blanc. = Cab Sav.
cross
Viticulture: new plant made from cutting - asexual reproduction
Clone
Viticulture: new plant with distinctive character
Mutation
Viticulture: offspring of 2 species
EX: Seyval Blanc
Hybrid
Grapevine timelines:
Weeping, bud break, flowering, berry set, verasion, harvest
Time between bud break to harvest
140-160 days
Temperate latitude for grape growing
30 - 50 degrees
Vine Metabolic Processes
Photosynthesis, Respiration, Transpiration, Translocation
Vine metabolic process: Sugar breaks down and converted into biological energy
respiration
Vine metabolic process: cools vine. Water evaporated through stomata
transpiration
Vine metabolic process: materials in plant are moved from one area of the plant to another
translocation
What is terrior
climate and weather, temperature, precipitation, humidity, fog, wind, soil, physical geology
Climate type: influenced by the ocean. Heavy rain, mild temperatures
EX: Bordeaux, Galicia, Yarra Valley
Maritime
Climate type: all 4 seasons, hot summers, cold winters
EX: Burgundy, Rioja, Mosel
Continental
Climate type: Warm/dry summers, wet winters, mild temperatures, low humidity
EX: Napa, Tuscany, Provence
Mediterranean
Bacterial disease spready by glassy-winged sharpshooter
Pierce’s Disease
Diseases: fungus that causes powdery mildew of grape.
Odium
Fungus: it is usually called “grey mould” or “gray mold” AKA Noble Rot
Botrytis cinerea
Training system, the vine shoots are trained upward in a vertical, narrow curtain with the fruiting zone below
Vertical Shoot Position
a portfolio of vineyard management techniques, which manage a grapevine’s canopy from the time of winter pruning until harvest time.
Canopy Management
a unit of measure that has been traditionally used in the wine, sugar, fruit, and honey industries to estimate the sugar (sucrose) or water soluble content (on a percent by weight basis).
BRIX ; ABV = BRIX x .55
FR: A system for measuring the sugar content of grape juice by its density.
Baume
Scale used in Germany to measure sugar levels and other solids in grapes or must to determine ripeness and potential alcohol. This scale is based on the density or specific gravity of the must.
Oeschle ; ABV = (Density - 1.0) x 1000
Austria: scale is used to measure sugar in grapes and, hence, their ripeness.
KMW: Klosterneuburger Mostwage.
Viticultural Practices: attempts to minimize environmental impacts and ensure economic viability and a safe, healthy workplace through the use of environmentally and economically sound production practices.
EX: Napa Green, Lodi Rules, Vine Balance
Sustainable
Viticultural Practices: a combination of practices that stimulate positive interactions between vines, soil and climate, through the use of methods that respect the environment.
EX: USDA
Organic
Viticultural Practices: farming all components of the vineyard as one whole entity, eliminating the use of chemicals and using natural materials and composts. Following the biodynamic calendar is another integral part of the process.
Organic Viticulture + metaphysical elements
EX: Demeter International
Biodynamic
Types of Viticultural Practices
Sustainable, Organic, Biodynamic, Integrated Pest Management
Prefermentation: 1st juice off grapes without adding pressures. BEST juice
Free run juice
Prefermentation: style of pressing that is much more subtle and softer on the fruit, not allowing bitter tannins from seeds and skins to be extracted from the cracked seeds.
Bladder Press
Prefermentation: common winemaking technique that is widely used in the production of red wines. It involves holding crushed red grapes at a low temperature for a period of time prior to the start of fermentation.
Cold Soak/ Maceration
Final Must Adjustments
Acidification, Chaptalization
Prefermentation: Adding sugar to must before fermentation begins to boost the alcohol content in the finished wine
Chaptalization
Prefermentation: the settling of the freshly pressed grape juice prior to fermentation, so as to produce wines with the purest expression of fruit.
Débourbage
Wine fault: Caused by high amounts of acetic acid and ethyl acetate
Ascensence or volatile acidity
Wine fault caused by lactic acid bacteria interacting with sorbic acid
Geranium
TCA is noticeable at very _________ concentrations, with most people able to detect at the level of _____________
Low ; 2-7 parts per trillion
Term used for indigenous grapes that are the result of natural cross-breeding or natural mutation in a specific area
authochthonous
Example of grape produced via a crossing
Cabernet Sauvignon
Grape known for producing robust red wines as well as off dry blush wines
Zinfandel
Italian variety known to have aromas of tar and roses
Nebbiolo
Main variety in the “black wines of Cahors”
Malbec
One of the most aromatic white grapes, known for aromas of perfume, flowers, spice, lychee, and rose
Gewurtraminer
White grape with gasoline or petrol like aromas
Riesling
Problem that causes poor fruit set, AKA Shatter
coulure
Problem with abnormal fruit set that causes grape bunches to have a high proportion of small, seedless berries mixed in with normal, larger berries
millerandage
Fungal disease AKA downy mildew
Peronospora
4 soil types: smallest to largest
clay, silt, sand, gravel
How much water do vines need on an annual basis
20-30 inches
Temperature that signals bud break in the Spring
50 degree F/ 10 degrees Celcius
White Wine Production Timeline, starting at Harvest (14 steps)
Harvest Sorting Crusting pressing Must adjustments Juice settling Innoculation fermentation sur lie aging clarification barrel aging blending cold stabilization bottling
White Wine Production Timeline, starting at Harvest (14 steps)
Harvest Sorting Crushing/Destemming Must adjustments Cold Soak Inoculation Fermentation Cap Management (1-2 after ferm and then simultaneous) Extended maceration Pressing Clarification Barrel Aging Blending Bottling
Stirring up of dead yeast cells back into the liquid
Batonnage
Use of gravity to remove suspended matter in a batch of newly fermented wine
racking
French term for “rack and return”
Delestage
The cake of compressed grape skins and seeds that remains behind after the final pressing of the juice or wine
Pomace
French term for “punching down”
Pigeage
Type of German rose
Weissherbst
optional winemaking process that converts malic acid into lactic acid, resulting in a sharper, more acidic wine
Malolactic fermentaiton
Styles of sparkling wine from driest to sweetest (7)
Brut Nature Extra Brut Brut Extra Dry Sec Demi Sec Doux
sizes of Champagne bottles: smallest to largest (7) ; starting with 2 standard bottle equivalent
Magnum (2 bottles) Jeroboam (4 bottles) Rehoboam (6 bottles) Methuselan (8 bottles) Salmanazar (12 bottles) Balthazar (16 bottles) Nebuchadnezzar (20 bottles)
FRENCH: Type of pumping over in which the fermenting juice is drained into a separate holding tank before it is returned to the original tank by spraying it now over the sunken cap
Delestage AKA Rack and return
FRENCH: form of cap management known as “pumping over”
remontage
Intracellular fermentation process that can occur in whole, unbroken grapes in the absence of oxygen without the use of yeast
Carbonic Maceration
Wine where you would you typically see carbonic maceration used.
Beaujolais Nouveau
Added to cuvee in order to initiate the second fermentation
liqueur de tirage
Turning the bottles and gently shaking them in order to get the dead yeast cells collected near the cap
remouage
Rack used to hold bottles of wine during the riddling process
Pupitre
Creation of blended wine that will undergo a second fermentation and be turned into sparkling wine
Assemblage
Second alcoholic fermentation
Prise de mousse
An addition added just after disgorging a bottle of sparkling wine; AKA dosage
liqueur d’ expedition
Another name for the Charmat method of sparkling wine production
Cuve close
Style of Champagne most likely considered to be a brand’s “house style” and most consistent wine
Non vintage
Top of the line sparkling wine produced by a given brand or producer
tete de cuvee wine
Steps in the traditional method of sparkling wine production in order
First fermentation Blending Bottling Second fermentation Riddling Disgorging Dosage
Sweet wine production types
Late harvest (higher sugar) Dried grapes (Recioto: Italy) Freezing (Icewine - Canada, Germany) Adding sugar (finished wine + sugar) Fortification (alcohol + wine) Botrytis
French term “to bleed” ; process of production of rose wine in which a portion of the juice is run off from a batch of macerating or fermenting must. May also result inthe production of deeply hued red wines
Saignee
Example of botrytis affected wines: Bourdeaux, FR
Sauternes - using Semillon, Sav. Blanc, Muscadelle
Example of botrytis affected wines: Loire Valley, FR
Coteaux du Layon, Vouvray - Chennin Blanc
Example of botrytis affected wines: Germany
Trockenbeerenauslese - Riesling
Example of botrytis affected wines: Hungary
Tokaji Azsu - Furmint
Example of botrytis affected wines: Alsace, FR
Selection de Grains Noble - Riesling, Muscat, Gerwutztraminer, Pinot Gris
Sparkling wine production methods
Traditional Tank Transfer Partial fermentation Ancestral Carbonation
Method of sparkling wine production that follows the traditional method through the second fermentation and lees aging, then begins the clarification stage with the wine emptied into a pressurized tank
Transfer Method
French term: In champagne production, fractions of juice from specific pressings
Taille
Most common acid in grapes and wine
Tartaric acid
Common traditional method sparkling wines in Alsace, Burgundy, and Loire FR
Cremant
Common traditional method sparkling wines in Lombardy Italy and its grapes
Franciacota - Chardonnary, Pinot Nero, Pinot Blanco
Common traditional sparkling method wine: Champagne - grapes
Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier
Common traditional method sparkling wine in Spain and it’s grapes
Cava : Xarel-lo, Macabo, Paradella
Styles of traditional method sparkling wines
Prestige (tete de cuvee) - BEST! Vintage Non Vintage Blanc de blancs Blanc de noirs Rose
Typical pressure of dissolved carbon dioxide in a bottle of sparkling wine
4-6 ATM
Process of sparkling wine production that is used to create w wine that emphasizes youthful, floral, and primary fruit aromas
Tank method AKA Chamart, cuvee close, and bulk method
Method used for low alcohol, sweet sparkling wines such as Italy’s Moscato d’ Asti
Partial fermentation method
Sparkling wine method where after bottle is sealed, fermentation continues inside the bottle until it reaches 1-3 ATM and 6-7% residual sugar remains. Sweet base wine.
Ancestral method
Best known example for ancestral method sparkling wine
Limoux Methode Ancetrale - Languedoc, FR
Variation on ancestral sparkling production method known specifically as the Methode Dioise Ancestral is made for the production of what
Clairette de Die Method Dioise Ancestral DOC - Rhone Valley, Pays Dioise, FR
Base wine for production of Champagne
high acid, low alcohol. Fermented dry
French term: upside down vertical positioning of a bottle, sometimes used in the riddling stage of sparkling wine
Sur Pointe
Sweet style fortified wines: type of base wine, when do you fortify, give examples of styles
Base wine: high sugar
Fortify: during fermentation
EX: Port (Portugal), Madeira (Portugal)
Dry style fortified wines: type of base wine, when do you fortify, expected ABV, give examples of styles
Base wine: neutral wine
Fortify: after fermentation
*15-18% ABV
EX: Sherry (Jerez, Spain), Madeira (Portugal)
French term: Sweet fortified wine made by adding grape spirits to partially fermented grape must.
Vin doux naturel
Vin doux natural examples
SOUTHERN FRANCE: Muscat de Beaumes de Venise Muscat de Riversalles Banyuls Maury
Term used for process of fortified wine production where alcohol is added for fermenting wine while it still has a significant amount of sugar in it
Mutage
Most widely used grape in production of Sherry
Palomino
Two grapes most commonly used in production of dry styles of Maderia
Sercial, Verdelho
Specific term for French wine made by fortifying unfermented grape juice or must. Give 2 examples
Mistille ; Floc de Gascogone and Pineau de Charentes
Where is Banyuls produced
Rousillon, FR
Fortified wine specialty of Cyprus
Commanandaria
Fortified wine specialty of Cognac region in FR
Pineau des Charentes
Fortified wine specialty of Italy (Sicily)
Marsala
Fortified wine specialty of Austrailia
Rutherglen Muscat
Fortified wine specialty of Spain
Malaga
Top 3 wine producing countries
Italy, France, Spain
Date of phylloxera crisis in Europe
1860
Earliest examples of vinifera based wines were produced where
Andes Mountain in South America
EU labeling: If protected place name is used on the label of a PDO wine, what percentage of the grapes must be from the states region
100%
EU labeling: If protected place name is used on the label of a PGI wine, what percentage of the grapes must be from the states region
85%
EU labeling: If a single grape varietal is used on the label of a PDO or PGI wine, what percentage of the grapes must be from the stated varietal
85%
EU labeling: If vintage is used on the label of a PDO or PGI wine, what percentage of the wine must be from the stated vintage
85%
Quality tiers for EU wine: lowest to highest
Wine, PGI, PDO
New EU regulations permit the continuing use of pre-existing designations of origin as long as they were registered prior to
Dec. 31, 2011
Most widely planted red and white grapes in France
R: Merlot
W: Ugni Blanc (Trebbiano)
Term: basic French table wine using 100% French grapes
vin de France
Elevated region located in the central portion of France
Massif Cenral
French Wine Lawes: quality designations: low to high
Vin (entry level - previously vin de table)
PGI/IGP (Vin de pays/Indication Geographique Protegee)
PDO/AOC/AOP (Appelation d’ Origine Contolee/Appelation d’ Origine Protegee
French governing body for appellations/place names
INAO - Instituit National de ‘l Origne et de la Qualite
3 levels of GI under PGI/IGP
Regional (8)
Departments (28)
Zones (41)
Portion of French wine produced at PGI/IGP level
1/3
Portion of French wine produced at AOC/PDO level
~ 50% ; 300+ AOCs
**100% of grapes must come from stated area
2 most important PGI regions in France
Pays d’ OC IGP (Western FR, Med. Coast - Languedoc & Roussilon) * BEST KNOWN
L’Atlantique IGP (Bordeaux, Dordogne, Charentais)
Bordeaux climate and geographical features
SW FR on Atlantic Ocean
Maritime climate
Landes forest (protects!)
Bordeaux: Waterways divide into 3 areas - name the areas
Left Bank (West of Garrone River and Gironde) Right Bank (North and East of Dordogne and Gironde) Entre-Deux-Mers (between Garrona nd Dordogne)
Red grapes of Bordeaux
MERLOT! (most planted) Cab. Sav, Cab Franc, Malbec, Petit Verot, Carmenere
White grapes of Bordeaux
Semillon, Sav. Blanc, Muscadelle!
Minor: Colombard, Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc
French Term: Bordeaux: Wine estate
Chateau
Intermediary who buys grapes or finished wine for resale and who may also ferment, age, blend, and/or bottle the wine
Negociant
French term: selling wine in futures
En Primeur
3 large AOCs for Bordeaux
Bordeaux AOC - dry red, light red, clairets, dry and sweet wines, roses
Bordeaux Superieur AOC - tighter restrictions for red and sweet whites. Lower yields, higher ripness Min 1/2 degree alcohol higher
Cremant de Bordeaux AOC - sparkling (white and rose)
Bordeaux LEFT Bank AOCs
Medoc AOC Haut Medoc AOC (upper Medoc) Braves AOC Pessac Leognan AOC Sauternes AOC (contains Cerons and Barsac AOCs)
Left Bank Bordeaux AOC featuring Cab Sav. based blends
Medoc AOC
Most highly revered AOC on Left Bank Bordeaux
Haut Medoc AOC
Leading red grape of the Left Bank: Bordeaux
Cabernet Sauvignon
Bordeaux: Left Bank: 6 communal AOCs of Haut Medoc AOC
Saint Estephe Pauillac Saint Julien Listrac medoc Moulis-en-Medoc Margaux
Bordeaux: Premier Crus/First Growths (5)
Chateau Haut Brion (Pessac - Leognan) Chateau Margaux (Margaux) Chateau Lafite Rothschild (Pauillac) Chateau Lafite (Pauillac) Chateau Mouton-Rothschild (Pauillac)
Property whos ranking on the Bordeaux Classification of 1855 was changed in 1973
Chateau Mouton-Rothschild (Pauillac)
Bordeaux AOC (left bank) known for sweet white botrytis affected wines
Sauternes AOC
Sub AOCs: Ceron and Barsac AOC
Bordeaux classification of 1855 divided how many wines into what
61 red wines into 5 levels called crus
Superior first growth for sweet Bordeaux
Chateaux d’ Yquem
Bordeaux sweet wine classifications
15 second growths
11 first growths
1 superior first growth: Chateu d’ Yquem
RIGHT BANK BORDEAUX notable AOCs (2)
St. Emilion AOC (merlot) Pomeral AOC (merlot blends)
Satellites of St. Emilion (Right Bank Bordeaux)
Lussac St. Emilion
Montagne St Emilion
Puisseguin St. Emilion
St. Georges St. Emilion
St. Emiion Grand Cru Classe’ Category A Property (2)
Chateau Cheval Blanc
Chateau Ausone
Other notable AOCs: Right Bank Bordeaux
Fransac AOC Cannon Fronsac AOC Blaye AOC Cotes de Bourg AOC Lalande de Pomeral OAC
St. Emilion Grand Cru Classe
Established 1954
Requires reclassification every 10 years
4 Class A producers
14 Class B producers
Style of wine for Entre-Deux-Mers AOC : Bordeaux
WHITE ONLY!
Semillon, Sav. Blanc, Muscadelle, Colombard, Ugni Blanc, Merlot Blanc
**Haut Benage AOC on western edge: Dry and sweet whites
AOC founded in 2009 to combine disjointed regions in Bordeaux. Name this AOC and its 5 subzones
Cotes de Bordeaux AOC
Subzones: Blaye Cotes de Cotes de Bordeaux Cadillac de Cotes de Bordeaux Castillon de Cotes de Bordeaux Francs de Cotes de Bordeaux Satin Foy de Cotes de Bordeaux
Grape variety for most dry white Bordeaux wines
Sav. Blanc
Loire Valley wine styles
Crisp, dry white, sweet whites, sparkling, dry reds, dry and off dry roses
4 wine growing regions of Loire Valley (west to east)
Pays Nantais
Anjou- Saumur
Touraine
Upper Loire (AKA eastern Loire)
White grapes of Loire Valley
Melon de Bourgogne
Chenin Blanc
Sauvignon Blanc
Red grapes of Loire Valley
Cab. Franc
Cab Sav
Key grape of Pay Nantais (Loire)
Melon de Bourgogne (AKA Muscadet) - 3/4 vineyards!
Other minor grapes: Folle Blanche (gros plant), Chenin Blanc, Gamay
Main winemaking technique of Pay Nantais: Loire Valley
Sue lie aging
P
Pay Nantais appellations
Muscadet AOC Muscadet Coteaux de la Loire AOC Muscadet Sevre at Main AOC Coteaux d'Ancenis AOC Gros Plant du Pays Nantais AOC
Of the 4 appellations for Muscadet, which is responsible for 80% of production
Muscadet Sevre et Maine AOC
Anjou-Saumar AOC wine styles
Red, whites, sparkling: Mousseux and Petillant
Red grapes of Anjou-Saumar AOC
Cab Franc, Cab Sav
White grapes of Anjou-Saumar AOC
Chenin Blanc!! & up to 20% Sav. Blanc and/or Chardonnay
Which Loire Valley white wine is often called the most cerebral wine in the world
Savennieres (Savennieres AOC = 100% Chenin Blanc)
AKA Pineau de la Loire
Chenin Blanc
Grape: Aka Cot
Malbec
Grape: Aka Breton
Cab. Franc
Rose appellations of Saumur & Tourraine regions
Rose de Loire: dry (region covers Anjour-Saumur, and Tourraine)
Rose d’ Anjou: off dry - Grolleau
Cabernet d’ Anjou: sweeter: Cab Sav. Cab Franc
Sweet wine appellations: Anjou-Saumur (Loire Valley) base on 100% Chenin Blanc
Coteaux du Layon AOC
Sub: Bonnezeau AOC and Quartes de Chaume
First and only grand cru of the Loire
Quarts de Chaume (became Coteaux de Layon Premier Cru Chaume) = 100% CHENIN
Eastern Anjou Saumur Appellation making unique spicy reds with Cab Franc (can include up to 15% Cab Sav or Pineau d’ Aubris (Chenin Noir)
Samur-Champigny AOC
Anjou-Saumur sparkling wine appellations
Saumur Mousseux (Chenin Blanc, Cab Franc) - Traditional method
Cremant de Loire AOC (covers entire Loire) - Traditional method; Saumur is main grape source
Three leading red wine appellations in Tourine
Chinon, Bourgueil, St Nicholas de Bourgueil
Largest and warmest region of Loire
Touraine
Touraine Grapes
White: Sauvignon Blanc
Red/Roses: Cab Franc, Malbec
Touraine Appellations
Touraine AOC (covers all) Vouvray Montlois-sur-Loire AOC Cheverny AOC Chinon AOC Bourgueil AOC St. Nicholas de Bourgueil AOC
Touraine appellations focusing on Chenin Blanc
Vouvray AOC
Moutlois-sur-Loire AOC
Chinon AOC (also does red, but W must be 100% Chenin)
Most elegant of all red wine appellations in Touraine
Chinon AOC
- Cab Franc and Cab Sav
- Also does W: Chenin Blanc= 100%
Marketing term for sparkling wines of the Loire
fines bulles
Upper Loire Appellations
Sancerre AOC Poully Fume AOC Menetou Salon AOC Quincy AOC Reuilly AOC
Soil type of Sancerre AOC
Chalky soils
Soil type Pouilly Fume AOC
flinty soils (smoky flavor)
Upper Loire AOC that only makes white wines based on 100% Chenin Blanc
Quincy AOC
Main soil types of Champagne region
Chalk and limestone rich marl
White grapes of Champagne region
Chardonnay!! Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Petit Mesler, Arbane
Red grapes of Champagne region
Pinot Noir, Pinot Meuneir
5 growing regions of Champagne (north to south) and their grapes
Montagne de Reims - Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier, Chardonnay Vallee de la Marne- Pinot Meunier, Cotes de Blancs - Chardonnay Cotes de Sezanne - Chardonnay Cotes de Bar (Aube) - Pinot Noir
Which growing region in Champagne sits on limestone rich kimmeridgian marl
Cotes des Bar (Aube)
French term for vintage champagne
millesime
Term found on label of grower champagne
RM or recolant manipulant
AOC that covers rose wines produced in the far south end of the Champagne region
Rose de Riceys
Types of wine produced in the Coteaux Champenois AOC
still wines in red, white, rose
Champagne Production: 3 grades of pressed juice
- Cuvee - free juice rum. Premium
- Taille - later pressings - used for extra dry and demi sec
- Rebeche - used for still wines
Village classification system for Champagne
Echelle des crus
-rates each village on quality of grapes
Grand Crus Villages (17)
Premier Cru Villages (42)
Alsace geographic features
Rhine River Vosages Mountain (Rainshadow!)
2 deparements of Alsace
Bas-Rhin (lower elevation) Haut Rhin (higher elevation)
Alsace Grapes: Noble and others
Noble: Riesling, Gerwurztraminer, Pinot Gris, Muscat
Others: Pinot Blanc, Sylvander, Chasselas, Auxerois, Klevender de Heiligenstein
R: Pinot Noir
If grape stated on the label of Alsace what percentage of that grape must be used
100%
Alsace Blends (2)
Edelzwicker (noble blend)
Gentil (must be blended with 50% noble grapes)
Notable wine styles of Alsace
Dry (traditional) Vintage Tardive (late harvest, some botrytis, can be dry) Selection de Grains Nobles (sweet wine from botrytis affected grapes)
Alsace appellations
Alsace AOC (covers all) Alsace Grand Cru AOC (in Alsace vineyards = Grand Crus; NO Chaptalization - Most in Haut Rhin) Cremant d'Alsace AOC (Sparkling: Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris, Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, or Auxerrois)
What percentage of production is Cremant d’Alsace AOC in Alsace
23%
Number of grand cru vineyards in Alsace
65
Wine that may be produced using Pinot Noir grapes in Alsace, but must be vinified as a white wine
Pinot D’Alsace
Styles of wine Burgundy is known for
Elegant, silky, complex Pinot Noirs and well structured, dry Chadonnay
Highest ranking awarded to designated vineyards in Burgundy
Grand Cru
Grand Cru vineyard with over 80 owners
Clos de Vougeot
Plots of land that make up Burgundy based on precise boundaries of terrior
Climats
White and rose sparkling AOC in Burgundy using traditional method
Cremant de Bourgonge AOC
Generic appellation for Burgundy with 14 sub appellations
Borugogne AOC
AOC structure for Burgundy highest to lowest
Grand Crus AOCs (33)
Villages/Commune AOCs
Regional AOCs
Only grand cru vineyard in Cote de Beaune that produces both red and white
Corton
Second highest ranking awards to designated vineyards in Burgundy
Premier Cru (600+)
Burgundy White Grapes
Chardonnay (60% production)
Aligote (2nd most)
Burgundy Red Grapes
Pinot Noir (grown everywhere but Chablis ; DOMINATES Cote de Nuits) Gamay (small amounts in Maconnais)
Typical style of wine produced in Burgundy
100% Pinot Noir or 100% Chardonnay
4 growing areas of Burgundy
Chablis
Cote d’Or (Cote de Nuits, Cote de Beaune)
Cote Chalonnais
Maconnais
Soil type of Chablis
Kimmeridgian Marl
By law, what grape is used in Chablis
Only Chardonnay
Chablis AOCs (3)
Chablis Grand Cru AOC (7 parcels)
Chablis AOC (40 premier cru vineyards)
Petit Chablis AOC (less desired land)
7 parcels of land: Chablis Grand Cru AOC: largest to smallest
Les Clois Vaudesir Bougros Blanchots Le Preuses Valmur Grenouilles
Soil type of Cote d’ Or
limestone
Majority of production of Cote de Nuits is
90% red “spiritual home of Pinot Noir”
Number of Grand Cru Vineyards in Cote d’ Or
33 total
Cote de Nuits : 24/33
Cote de Beaune: 8/33
8 commune appellations of Cote de Nuits
Marsannay Fixin Gevrey Chambertin Morey Saint Denis Chamboille Musigny (ONLY WHITE WINE) Vougeaot Vosnee-Romaine Nuits-St. Georges
Cote de Beaunne is known for what type of wine
White! Chardonnay! However 1/2 of its plantings are Pinot Noir
Only grand cru allowing white wine production in Cote de Nuits
Chamboille -Musigny
Cote de Beaunne primary commune appellations
Ladoix Serrigny Aloxe Corton Pernard-Vergelesses Beaune Pommard (red only) Volnay (red only) Meursault Puligny-Montrachet Chassagne-Montrachet Ladoix-Serrigny
Grand Cru vineyard in Cote de Beaune producing red wine
Corton (also makes small amount of white)
Important Code de Beaune Grand Crus
Charlemagne Corton (RED) Corton - Chalemagne Montrachet Batard-Montrachet
Number of grand crus in Cote Chalonnaise
NONE
5 communal AOCs of Cote Chalonnaise
Rully Bouzeron (white only!) Mercury Givry Montagny
Largest commune in Cote Challonaise
Mercury
Commune in Cote Chalonnaise only producing white wine
Bouzeron - 100% Aligote
Kir cocktails!
Soil type of Maconnais
clay
Number of Grand Crus in Maconnais
NONE
Cote Chalonnaise main grape and style
Aligote ; sparkling
Maconnais main grapes
Mostly white: Chardonnay
Some Red: Gamay, Pinot Noir
Maconnais AOC only producting white wine
Macon Villages AOC
Macon Villages AOC has 5 communal AOCs, the two most known are
Pouilly Fuisse AOC
St. Veran AOC
** CHARONNARY ONLY
Soil type of Beajolais and what grape is that good for
Granite ; Gamay
Beajolais main grape and other minor ones
98% Gamay
Others: Chardonnay, Aligote, Pinot Noir, Melon de B., Pinot Gris
Common winemaking technique in Beajolais
Carbonic Maceration
Beaujolais Noveau is released every _________ of ____________`
3rd Thursday ; November
Number of villages in Beaujolais that are allowed to produce wines labeled with the term “ Beaujolias-Villages AOC”
38
3 Beaujolais crus known for making lighter styles of wine
Chiroubles
Fleuries
St. Amour
4 Beaujolais crus known for making medium to fuller styles of wine
Brouilly
Cote de Bouilly
Julienas
Regnie
3 Beaujolais crus known for making age worthy styles of wine
Chenas
Moulin a Vent
Morgon
Yonne Department AOCS (3)
Vezelay AOC (100% chard) Irany AOC (Pinot Noir, cesar, Pinot Gris) Saint Bris AOC (Sav. Blanc, Sav. Gris)
2nd largest producer of AOC wines in France
Rhone Valley
2 districts of Rhone Valley
Northern Rhone
Southern Rhone
Northern Rhone grapes
Red: Syrah
White: Viogneir, Marsanne, Roussane
Southern Rhone grapes
Red: Grenache (2/3) plantings, Syrah, Cariganan, Mouvedre, Cinsault
White: Gerache Blanc, Clairette, Viogneir, Ugni Blanc, Rousanne, Marsanne, Muscat
Majority of wine produced in Rhone Valley is
Red. Only 5% white, 9% rose
Climactic force in Southern Rhone
Mistral Winds
Appellation that produces more than half of Rhone’s output
Cote du Rhone AOC
AOC in southern Rhone that produces rose exclusively
Tavel AOC : Grenache, Cinsault
Northernmost appellation in Northern Rhone Valley
Cote Roite
Small AOC located witin the larger Condrieu AOC
Chateau Grillet
White wine only AOCs in Rhone Valley
Condrieu - Viognier
Chateau Grillet - Viognier
Saint Percy AOC - Marsanne, Rousanne
Soil type for Southern Rhone and Chateaneuf du Pape AOCs
Gallets
AOC in northern Rhone that requires wines to be 100% Syrah
Cornas
Region known for producing red vin doux naturel based on Grenache
Rasteau
White grape used to make sparkling wines with the Methode Ancestrale Dioise
Clairette
Sweet wine AOCs of Rhone
Muscat de Beaumesde Venise AOC Rasteau AOC (red: Grenache)
Southeast Rhone Valley AOCs
Clairette de Die AOC (sparkling - Methose Ancestrole Diose)
Cremant de Die AOC (sparkling: Clairette, Muscat, Aligote)
Coreatux de Die AOC (dry, still, 100% Clairette)
Chatillon-en-Dois AOC (Chardonnary, Aligote, Gamay, Pinot Noir, Syrah)
6 AOCs outside of Cote du Rhone AOC
Ventous AOC Costieres de Nimes AOC Luberon AOC Duche d'Uze AOC Cote de Vivarais AOC Claiette de Bellegarde AOC
AOC outside of Cote du Rhone AOC requiring 100% Clairette
Clairette de Bellegarde AOC
Southwest France (Sud-Oeast) AOCs
Cahors AOC - MALBEC “Black wines of Cahors”
Madrian AOC - Tannat
Gaillac AOC
Jurancon AOC
AOC in Southwest France that produces red wines based on Malbec
Cahors
White grape variety in Southwest France
Arrufiac
Red grape variety in Southwest France
Fer Servadou
AOC in Southwest France producing red wines based on Tannat
Madiran
Region in Southern France with the largest amount of IGP wines made there
Languedoc -Roussillon
Large IGP that covers the entire region of Languedoc -Roussillon
Pays d’ Oc IGP
Large AOC that covers the entire region of Languedoc -Roussillon that requires growers to use traditional grapes. Also name the grapes
Languedoc AOC
Grenache, Syrah, Mourvedres, Cinsault, Carignan
AOCs in Southern France that are known for GSMs
Corbienes AOC, Minervois AOC
AOCs in Southern France that are red wine only
Fitou AOC (Grenache, Carignan) Tervasses du Larzac AOC
AOCs in Southern France that are known for vin doux naturels
Banyls AOC and Murray AOC
-Grenache, Grenache Blanc
Sparkling wine AOCs of Southern France
Cremant de Limoux AOC (Chardonnay)
Limoux Methode Ancestrale/Blanquette de Limous AOC: Mauzac
AOC producing a Christmas version of wine, Muscat del Noel, that must be bottled by 12/1 of the harvest year
Muscat de Rivesaltes AOC
Region that is considered the birthplace of all French wines
Province
Wine styles of Provence
88% rose
9% red
3.5 % white
Grapes of Province
Grenache, Syrah, Cinsult, Mourvedres, Tibouren
Oldest AOC in Languedoc
Fitou AOC
Area of Roussillon known for fortified wines made with Muscat
Rivesaltes
Best known communal AOC of Provence
Bandol AOC
Appellation in Provence producing 40% of all French roses
Cotes de Province AOC
Along with Minervois, this is one of the largest producing AOCs in Languedoc
Corbieres
AOC in Provence known for deep reds and hearty roses based on Mourvedre
Bandol
French Island with strong Italian influence
Corsica
Only Chateau from Graves that was rated premier cru in 1855 Classification of Bordeaux
Chateau Haut Brion
IGP covering Southwest France
Comte Tolosan IGP
Geographic features of Italy
Swiss Alps (north) - blocks Arctic chill Apennine Mountains (backbone of the country ; northern border) Po River - (south) Tyrrhenian Sea (west) Ionian Sea (south- Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria)
Italian Wine Law Structure (top to bottom)
DOCG (Dominazionze di Origine Controlata e Garantita)
DOC (Dominazionze di Origine Controlata) - DOG+DOGG= 30% of production
IGT (Indicazion Geographica Tipica) - 30% of production
Vino or Vini Varietali (previously vino da tavola) -40% of production
If a grape is stated for vino or IGT wine of Italy, what percentage of the wine must be made from that grape
85%
If multiple grapes are stated for an IGT wine of Italy, what percentage of the wine must be made from those grapes
100% and must be listed in alphabetical order
If grape is stated for DOC wine of Italy, what percentage of the wine must be made from that grape
100%
Most widely planted red grape in Italy
Sangiovese
One of the leading white grapes of Italy known everywhere else as Ugni Blanc
Trebbiano Tuscano
Italy’s first white wine DOGC
Romagna Albana DOCG located in Emilia Romagna
Italy’s first red wine DOGCs
Brunello di Montalcino, Barolo, Vino Noble di Montepulcano
PDO Term: Central growing area
Classico
PDO Term: Higher Alcohol
Superiore
PDO Term: Longer aging requirements
Riserva
Region with largest quantity of DOC/DOCgs in Italy
Veneto (14 DOCGs)
Grapes of Venetto
White: Garaganega, Glera (Prosecco)
Red: Corvina, Corvione, Rodinella
International: Merlot, Cab.Sav, Cab Franc, Pinot Grigio, Pino Blanc, Chardonnay
Grapes of Venetto
White: Garaganega, Glera (Prosecco)
Red: Corvina, Corvione, Rodinella
International: Merlot, Cab.Sav, Cab Franc, Pinot Grigio, Pino Blanc, Chardonnay
Winemaking process that uses partially dried grapes in Northern Italy
Appassimento
Local name for Nebbiolo grape in Lombary
Chiavennasca
Term often used to refer to sweet wines made using grapes that are partially dried after harvest
Recioto
Traditional wine making technique that uses sediment or lees from previous batch in order to make a full bodied wine
Ripasso
Grape variety used in orange wines
Ribolla Gialla
Local name for Nebbiolo grape in some parts of Piedmont
Spanna
Term in Italy for producing high quality sparkling wines
Metodo classico
Appellations of Veneto
Amarone della Valpolicella DOCG (requires min 2 years aging and min 14% ABV)
Recioto della Valpolicella DOCG
Bardolino Superiore DOGC (red wine, Chiaretto roses)
Soave DOC Contains Soave Superiore DOCG, Recioto Soave DOCG)
Prosecco DOGC (contains Conegliano Valdobiadene Prosecco DOCG, Asolo Prosecco (Colli Asolani) DOCG)
Lugana DOC
Piave DOC
Lison DOCG
Grape requirements of Soave DOC
Min 70% Garanega and can blend with Trebbiano di Soave (Verdichio) and/or Chardonnay
Grape requirements Prosecco DOC
Min 85% Glera
Number of DOGCs and percentage of DOC in Tretino Alto Adige (Suditrol)
NO DOCGS
80% of wine is DOC
Alternative name for the Trentino Alto Adige region
Suditrol
A DOC located in Fruili-Venezia Giulia known for making white blends as well as orange wines
Collio Gorziano
High alcohol wine made from partially dried Nebbiolo grapes
Sforzato
2nd highest producer of DOC/DOCG wines in Italy ; has highest number of DOC wines in Italy
Piedmont
Has 18 DOCGs
Piedmont grape varieties
Red: Nebbiolo, Barbera (most planted)
White: Moscato, Arneis, Cortese
Piedmont’s DOCGs that are Nebbiolo based
Barolo DOCG Barbaresco DOCG Gattinara DOCG (Nebbiolo AKA Spanna) Ghemme DOCG (Nebbiolo AKA Spanna) Roero DOCG (Nebiolo and Arneis)
Barolo DOCG requirements
100% Nebbiolo
Min 38 months aging
Reserva - min 62 months aging
Barbaresco DOCG requirement
100% Nebbiolo
Min 26 months aging
Reserva - min 50 months aging
Barbera based DOCGs of Piedmont
Barbera d' Asti DOCG (MIN 90%) Nizza DOCG (100% Barbera, min 18 months aging ; 30 for riserva)
Brachetto based DOCG of Piedmont that makes Frizzante
Aqui or Brachetto d’ Aqui DOCG
Moscato based DOCG in Piedmont producing spumante with the metodo classico
Asti DOCG
Moscato based DOCG in Piedmont producing frizzante with the partial fermentation
Moscato d”Asti DOCG
Cotese based DOCG
Gavi DOCG
Region in Lombardy known for producing red wines using Nebbiolo
Vatellina
DOCG for sparkling wines in Lombardy
Franciacorta
Blanc de Blanc sparkling wine produced in Lombardy
Saten
Large DOC in Piedmont that covers many smaller regions including Barolo, Barbaresco, Roero
Langhe
Vattellina Superiore DOCG in Lombardy’s 5 subzones
Gromello Inferno Morrgala Sassella Valgella
Aging requirements of Franciacorta DOCG
Non Vintage: 18 months on lees
Vintage: 30 months on lees
Riserva: 60 months on lees
Saten: Blanc de blanc ; 24 months on lees
**All aging on lees begins Feb. 1 of the year following the harvest
Red grape of Emilia Romagna
Lambrusco
Tuscan soil type
Galestro soils
Tuscan grapes
Red: Sangiovese, Canaiolo Nero, Colorino, and int. varieties
White: Terbbiano, Malvasia, Vernaccia, and int. varieties
Tuscan wine produced in and around the village of Montelpulciano
Vino Noble
Term created in response to the fact of 100% Sangiovese wines made in the Chianti region once had to be categorized as vino da tavola
Super Tuscan
Percentage of red wine output in Tuscany
90%
Ancient winemaking technique that involves the addition of overripe grapes to a vat of new wine as it is finishing fermentation
Governo
Sweet wine made in Tuscany (and other areas) using dried grapes and extensive aging
Vin Santo
Town known as birthplace for super Tuscan movement
Bolgheri
Original super tuscan produced by Tenuta San Guido
Sassicaia
Chianti DOCG must what _______ % of Sangiovese
70%
Chianti Classico DOCG must what _______ % of Sangiovese
80%
7 subzones of Chianti DOCG
Colli Aretini Colli Fiorentin Colli Senesi Colline Pisone Mantalbano Montespertoli Rufina
Classification that was approved by the Chianti Classico Consortium in 2014 for use with high quality wine produced exclusively from estate grown grapes
Chianti Classico Gran Selezione
Tuscany’s only white wine DOCG
Vernaccia de San Gimignano DOCG
Tuscan wine that must be produced using 10 to 20% Cab Sav or Cab Franc
Camignano (must be min 50% Sangiovese)
Term used for Sangiovese grape variety in the region of Scansano
Morellino - must be min 85%
local name for Sangiovese grape variety as it is used in Rosso de Montepulciano
Prugnolo Gentile
Requirements of wine produced in Brunello di Montalcino DOCG
100% Sangiovese AKA Brunello
Min 4 years aged (2 in wood; 4 months in bottle)
May not be released until Jan. 1 following the harvest
*Riserva min 5 aged (min 6 months in bottle)
Est! Est! Est! is a well know wine produced where
Lazio: Est! Est! Est! Di Montefiascone DOC
Torgiano Rossa Reserva is a DOCG wine produced where and what are the grape requirements
Umbria ; 70% Sangiovese
Leading grapes of Abruzzo
W: Trebbiano
R: Montelpicaino
Red wine made with 100% Sagrintino grapes prdouced in Umbria
Umbria: Montefalco Sagrantino DOCG
A leading white wine produced by a DOC in Umbria with Grechetto and Trebbiano
Orveito DOC
Local name for Trebbiano grape in Orveito DOC
Procanico
Conero DOCG is a red wine made with Montelpulciano and Sangiovese - produced where
Marches
Leading grapes of Campania
R: Aglianico
W: Fiano, Greco, Falanghina
DOC in Campania producing red, white, rosato, spumante, and liquoroso
Vesuvio Traditional Lacryma Cristi Del Vesuvio DOC
Red wine DOCGs of Campania
Taurasi DOCG (Aglianico) Aglianico del Taburno DOCG
White wine DOCGs of Campania
Fiano d’ Avellino DOCG
Freco di Tufo DOCG
Only DOCG wine produced in Sicily
Cerasvolo di Vittoria
Region that can be described as the toe of the boot on Italy’s peninsula
Calabria
Red grape used to produce a sweet, late harvest DOCG wine in Manduria (Puglia)
Primativo
DOC of Calabria; red version is made using Gaglioppo grape
Ciro DOC
Copper colored dessert wine made with dried grapes in Calabria
Grecco di Bianco
Boldy flavored red DOCG wine in Campania
Taurasi
Red grape variety used in the wines of Salice Salentino DOC
Negroarmaro
Marsala DOC grapes
Cattarratto, Grillo, Inzolia
Main grape used in Cerasuolo di Vittoria
Nero d’ Avola
Aging requirements of Marsala Vergine/Marsala Solera
Aged in Solera for min 5 years
Aging requirements of Marsala Vergine Stravecchio
Min 10 years in cask
Grapes of Sardinia
W: Vermintino
R: Cannanau AKA Grenache
Sardinia’s one DOCG
Vermintino di Gallura DOCG
Lightly sparkling wine produced in Piedmont
Brachetto D’ Acqui
Wine region surrounding the city of Naples
Campania
DOC that extends from Veneto into Fruili-Venezia Giulia
Lison - Pramaggiore
DOCG surrounding the town of Asolo
Prosecco
Country with the largest grape acreage in the world
Spain (most for brandy)
Most widely planted grape in Spain
Airen
Main grape variety in Rias Baixas
Albarino
Synonym for Tempranillo in Cataloina
Ull de Llebre
Synonym for Tempranillo in Ribera del Duero
Tinta del Pais
Synonym for Tempranillo in Portugal
Aragonez
Synonym for Tempranillo in La Mancha
Cencibel
Synonym for Viura grape
Macabeo
Red grapes of Spain
Tempranillo!! Garancha, Monastrel (Mouvedre in FR)
White grapes of Spain
Airen!! Albarino, Macabo, Xarel-lo, Parallada (Cava), Pedro Ximenez, Palomino (Sherry)
Spain: Term for PGI/PDO wine that has spent min 18 months in barricas or in the bottle
vino noble
Spain: Term for PGI/PDO wine that has spent min 24 months in barricas or in the bottle
vino anejo
Spain: Term for PGI/PDO wine that has spent min 36 months aging in a strongly oxidative environment and exposed to any combination of light, oxygen, and heat
Vino Viejo
Term that may be used for PDO wine released the year after it was made, or aged for a shorter period of time than the minimum required for Crianza
Joven or Generico
Spain: PDO wine aging requirements for red and white wine: Crianza
Red: 24 total months, 6 months in barrel
White/Rose: 18 total months, 6 months in barrel
Spain: PDO wine aging requirements for red and white wine: Reserva
Red: 36 total months, 12 months in barrel
White/Rose: 24 total months, 6 months in barrel
Spain: PDO wine aging requirements for red and white wine: Gran Reserva
Red: 60 total months, 18 months in barrel
White/Rose: 48 total months, 6 months in barrel
Spain’s Quality Wine Structure low to high
Vino de Mesa/Vino
Vino de la Tierra (PGI)
Vinos de Calidad con Indicacion Geografica (VCIG - 7 regions)
Denominancion de Origen (DO - 68)
Denominaccian de Origin Calificada (DOCa - only 2)
2 DOCa in Spain
Rioja and Priorat
Spain: Estate wine, single vineyards of distinction
Vins de pago
DO in Galicia made of up 5 discontinuous subregions. Know for dry, fragrant high acid wines made with Albarino, Loureira, Trexidura
Rias Baixas DO
DO known for white wines based on the Verdejo grape
Reuda
Region known for Mencia based red wines
Bierzo
Region in Duero Valley with some of the highest elevation vineyards in Spain
Ribera del Duero DO
DO - located just to the north of the Riaja DOCa - historically known for rosados
Navarra DO
DO famous for Garancha based wines and llicorella soils
Priorat
Area located in NW corner of Spain AKA “Green Spain”
Galicia
Galician region known for Godello based white wines
Valdeorras
DO well known as one of the first areas in Spain to modernize wine production and use stainless
Penedes
DO west of Ribera el Duero known for reds and rosados based on Tinta del Pais and Garancha
Cigales
Do in the foothills of the Pyrenees within the region of Aragon
Somontano
DOCa that was first designated as DO in 1925 and then elevated do DOCa in 1991
Rioja DOCa
River valley where the Rioja region is located
Ebro
High altitude sub region of Rioja south of the Ebro River
Rioja Alta
Subregion of Rioja located on western side, north of the Ebro River
Rioja Alavesa
Flatter, eastern subregion of Rioja
Rioja Oriental (previously Rioja Baja)
Wine style of Rioja
90% RED
Main grapes of Rioja
Tempranillo! Garancha, Mazuelo (Carignan), Graciano
Main grape in white Rioja
Viura (macabeo)
Rioja aging requirements for red and white: Crianza
Red: 24 months total, 12 on oak
White/Rosado: 19 months total, 6 on oak
Rioja aging requirements for red and white: Reserva
Red: 36 months total, 12 on oak, 6 in bottle
White/Rosado: 24 months total, 6 on oak
Rioja aging requirements for red and white: Gran Reserva
Red: 60 months total, 24 on oak, 24 in bottle
White/Rosado: 48 months total, 6 on oak
Only DO in Spain to cover an entire autonomous region. Largest producer of quality wine in Spain
Catalonia DO (contains Priorat DOCa)
DO in Spain known for producing full bodied, aromatic white wines (75%of production)
Taragona DO
Spiritual home of Cava
Penedes DO
Method used for Cava production
Traditional
What type of soil type is ideal for grapes used in production of Cava
Chalk
Majority of Cava is produced where
Catalonia
Three classic grapes for Cava production
Macabeo, Xarel-lo, Parellada (ALL WHITE)
Wine label for Cava meaning it must be traceable from vineyard to the bottle
Cava de Guarda
Cava de Guarda Superior requirements
Vines must be 10 years old. Grapes must be organic
Sparkling wine requiring the use of historic grapes that is not a protected GI, but is recognized by the EU and has its own set of standards. Must be hand harvested and organic.
Corpinnat
Cava Aging Requirement
9 months on lees ; any sweetness level
Cava Reserva/ Cava de Guard Superior Aging Requirement
18 months on lees ; brut or drier
Cava Gran Reserva Aging Requirement
30 months on lees ; brut or drier
Cava de Paraje Calificado Aging Requirement
36 months on lees ; single estate ; brut or drier
Area in Spain with more vinos de pago than any other area
Castilla-La Mancha
Geographic feature: Spain: large plateau
Meseta
Area in Spain located in the central Meseta with 12 Vin de Pagos
Castilla-La-Mancha
DO located in Castilla-La-Mancha “Valley of the rocks”
Valdepenas DO
3 DOs of Murica
Jumilla
Yecla
Bullas
White chalky soil ideal for growing Palomino grapes
Albariza
Clay soil preferred by Pedro Ximenex grapes
Barro
Sandy soil good for growing Moscatel grapes
Arena
3 cities that form the Sherry Triangle
Jerez del a Frontera
Sanlucar de Barromeda
El Puerto de Santa Maria
4 Styles of Sherry Production
Fino Style Sherry (with flor)
Oloroso Style Sherry (rancio)
Hybrid Style Sherry (begins as fino, flor dies, oxidative aging in solera)
Dried Grape Sherry
Process in dried grape sherry production where grapes are dried on straw mats
Soleo
4 types of Fino Sherry
- Fino (Palomino ; 15% ABV)
- Puerto Fino (light, crisp, salty - from El Puero de Santa Maria)
- Montanila (briney - has own DO! - from San Lucar de Barromeda)
- Pale Cream - Sweetened - originally from Bristol)
2 types of Oloroso Sherry
- Oloroso (Palomino base, no flor)
2. Cream (sweetened)
2 types of hybrid sherry
- Amontillado (starts as fino, finished as oloroso - nutty)
2. Pale Cortado (lower alcohol, flor doesn’t develop as expected)
Dried sherry grapes and where they are sourced from
Pedro Ximenez or Moscatel
Sourced from Montilla-Moriles
Fino sherry that must be aged in Sanlucar de Barrameda
Manzanilla
Sherry age classifications
Vinos con Indicacion de Edad (sherry with age indication - lower glass ; 12-15 years:
Vinos de Vejez Calificada (sherry with certain age)
1. VOS (min 20 years solera) 2. VORS (min 30 years solera)
Rare, unfiltered, old tradition sherry
En Rama
German name for Pino Gris
Grauburgunder
German name for Pinot Blanc
Weissburgunder
Most widely planted grape in Germany, AKA Pinot Noir
Spatburgunder
Most widely planted grape in Germany
Riesling
Category of German POD wines that allow for chaptalization. Lower level
Qualitatswein
Category of German POD wines that does NOT allow for chaptalization. “Quality wine with attributes”
Pradikatswein
German term for botrytis
Edelfaule
Single variety rose at Qualitatswein level
Weissherbt
Germany: Sparkling wine: tank method, off dry or semi sweet
Sekt
Germany: Sparkling wine: aerated
Schawumwein (foam wine)
How are German wines categorized
geographic location and ripeness at harvest
German wine category that contains what used to be known as “Landwein”
ggA
German term: dry
trocken
German term: off dry
Halbtrocken
Lowest level of ripeness of the German Pradikat
Kabinett
Wines of additional ripeness made from grapes picked after a designated date. “Late harvest”
Spatlese
“Selected harvest” Wines made with grapes that have reached a required level of sugar
Auslese
“Selected berries” sweet wines that may be affected by botrytis
Beerenaulese (BA)
Wines made from frozen grapes
Eicewien
Wines made from individually picked over ripe berries that are often affected by botrytis
Trockenbeerenauslese (TBA)
Germany has 13 of these designated wine regions
Anbaugebiete
Equal to regional or district appellation - Germany has ~40
Bereiche
Equivalent to large grouping of closely related vineyards, ~ 160 in Germany
Grosslagen
This area may contain a single vineyard or small group of vineyards. Germany has ~2700
Einzellagen
VDP term used to indicate that a wine was made from the high level vineyards of an estate. “great site”
Grosse Lage
6 subcategories of German Pradikatswein
`Kabinett Spatlese Auslese Beerenaulese Eiswein Trockenbeerenauslese
Unfermented grape juice that is sometimes used to increase the sweetness of the wine
Sussreserve
VDP term used to indicate the a wine is made from the second highest level vineyards of an estate. “first site”
Estre Lage
German label term: Indicates semi sweet wine
Lieblich
German label term: not legally defined, refers to off dry wine
Feinherb
German label term: estate bottled wine
Gutsabfullung
German label term: indicates wine produced by commercial winery from purchased grapes
Abfuller
German label term: indicates a producer bottled wine made by grower co-ops
Erzeugerabfullung
German GI from largest to smallest
Anbaugebete
Bereiche
Grosslagen
Einzellagen
German VDP (terrior driven) classifications lowest to highest
VDP Gutswein “estate wine or regional”
VDP Ortswein “classified site”
VDP Estre Lage “first site”
VDP Grosse Lage “great site”
Region known for blue slate soils, steep slopes, and excellent Riesling
Mosel
Region with most Einzellagen (500+)
Mosel
Region near city of Wiesbaden known for red slate soils. Only produces 2% of German wine but has an excellent reputation
Rheingau
Rheingau’s one Bereiche
Johannisberg
Largest wine region of Germany in terms of both area under vine and wine production
Rheinhessen
German region sometimes referred to as Palatinate that makes 1/4 of all Rieslings in Germany
Pfalz
Wines from this region are often packed in a flask shaped Bocksbeutel. They make everyday white wines with Muller Thurgau and Silvaner
Franken
Large region focusing on red wine including Trollinger, Schwarzriesling (Pinot Meunier) and Lemberger
Wuttemberg
Regional home of Kaiserstuhl Bereich, noted for warm weather. This is the largest wine region in Germany in terms of ground area, but only a small portion is planted with grapes
Baden
Region planted to over 80% red grapes and specializing in Spatburgunder despite being located on the 50th parallel
Ahr
Former east Germany wine region
Sachsen
Red grapes of Portugal
Touriga Nacional Touriga Franca Tinta Roriz Castelao (Perquita) Baga Trincadeira (Tinta Amarela)
Primary red grape used in Port ; provides structure and black fruit flavors
Touriga Nacional
Portugal’s most widely grown white grape variety
Ferna Pires (AKA Maria Gomez)
Highly tannic red grape used in red wines of Bairrada DOC
Baga
Red grape variety AKA Periquita
Castelao
White grape grown in Vinho Verde region, also star of Spain’s Rias Baixas DO
Alvarinho
White grape used in sweet style of Madeira, where it is AKA Malmsey
Malvasia
Red grape known as Tina Amarela
Trincaderia
Predominant white grape used in port
Gouveio
Primary red grape used in port that lends floral notes
Touriga Franca
Coolest, wettest region in Portugal. 2nd largest vineyard acreage after Porto DOC. Vinho Verde is produced here
Minho
Two main grape varieties in white Vinho Verde
Loureiro
Alvarinho
Main grape variety in red Vinho Verde
Vinhao
This DOC, located south of Minho region, produces many styles but focuses on complex, full bodied reds
DAO
3 subregions of Douro: west to east
Baixo Corgo (lighter port) Cima Corgo (finest ports ; 1/2 port acreage) Douro Superior (largest subzone)
One of the first demarcated wine regions in the world (1756). Very rugged and remote.
Douro
5 preferred red grapes of Port production
Touriga Nacional Touriga Franca Tinta Roriz Tinta Barroca Tinta Cao
2 preferred white grapes of Port production
Malvasia
Gouveio
Island chain producing wine located 1000 miles off west coast of Portugal
Azores
Single variety tawny port
Colheita Port
Simplest style port; aged in large oak vats for 2 years before being bottles
Ruby Port
Region of Setubal is know for what wine
Moscatel de Setubal
Port produced using wine from a singe year, matured in large oak casks for 4-6 years after harvest
Late bottled vintage port
Vineyard grading system for port production
Cadastro (goes from A(best) to F(worst))
When is Port fortified
DURING fermentation
Finest Madeiras are made using this method where Madeira is stored in the rafters of a warm building and allowed to aged for several years
Canteiro (2 year min)
*Vinho de Canterio (3 year min)
4 noble grapes of Maderia
Sercial
Verdelho
Boal
Malvasia
Dry styles of Madeira are made from these grapes
Sercial, Verdelho, Tinta Negra
Sweet styles of Madeira are made from these grapes
Boal
Malvasia
Tinta Negra
Most planted grape on the island of Madeira
Tinta Negramole
This method of production leaves Madeira in concrete or stainless steel vats that are heated via hot water for several months
Estufagem (has 2 sub methods: Cuba de Calor (most common) and Armazem de Calor (gentle))
4 styles of Madeira
Sercial (extra dry/dry)
Verdelho (off dry/med dry)
Boal (raisiny/sweet)
Malmsey (very sweet/rich)
Majority of Austrian vineyards are in these 3 states:
Niederosterreich (lower Austria)
Burgenland
Steirmark (Styria)
Percentage of white wine production in Austria
66%
Portion of Austria’s land planted with Gruner Veltliner
1/3
Grape Cross: Riesling X Madeleine Royale
Muller-Thurgau
Austrian alternative name for Chardonnay
Morillon
Most widely planted red grape in Austria
Zweigelt
Austrian red grape also known as Lemberger or Kekfrankos
Blaufrankisch
Austrian wine lines are broken down by
geographic location and ripeness at harvest
What is the lowest level of the Austrian Pradikat and how is this different from Germany
Spatlese is the lowest level of Austrian Pradikat. Kabinett is lowest level in Germany, but Kabinett is under Qualitatswein in Austria
Many of Austria’s quality wine subregions are classified as __________ and have strict AOC-like regulations based on terroir.
DAC (Districtus Austraie Contollatus)
Terms used for Austrian wine produced using dried grapes
Strohwein ; schlifwein
Austria: “mountain wine” must be grown on 26% gradient slopes
Bergwein
Largest wine region in Austria in terms of geographical area and vineyard plantings
Niederosterreich (lower Austria)
Weinviertel DAV wines are produced using 100% of what grape
Gruner Veltliner
Pink skinned grape grown in Wagram area
Roter Veltliner
Wachau DAC further defines wine labels by increasing ripeness for dryness on palate. List from light - full
Steinfinder (light)
Federspiel (classic, midweight)
Smarasd (full)
This DAC, located within the larger Leithaberg region is approved for production of sweet, botrytis affected white wines
Ruster Ausbruch
DAC known for production of Schilcher rose
Wetsteirmark DAC
Schilcher grape variety AKA
Blauer Wildbacher
In Austria’s Wachau DAC, designated vineyards are referred to as
Rieden
Mitteelburdenand DAC produces red wine based on
Blaufrankisch
City of Vienna lies on what river
Danube
Only EU capital to have PDO wine within its city limits
Vienna (WEIN)
Seasonal wine taverns around the vineyards of Vienna
Heurigen
Wines made from different grapes that are fermented all together
Gemischter Satz
** Germischter Satz DAC requires min 3 grape varietals
Signature grape of Hungary
Furmint
% of white wine production in Hungary
70%
Dessert wine produced in northern Hungary from Furmint and Harslevelu grapes
Tokaji Aszu
Leading white grape of Switzerland
Chasselas
Hungarian red wine traditionally known as bull’s blood
Egri Bikaver
Home of Novy Svet Winery
Crimea
Nebbiolo X Syrah
Rubin
Red grapes of Greece
Xinomavro (Macedonia), Agiorittiko (Peloponnese), Mavrodaphne
White grapes of Greece
Morschoflero, Assyrtiko, Muscat, Athiri, Roditis
2 quality wine designations of Greece
OPE (SWEET)
OPAP (Dry, not fortified)
Traditional Greek wine flavored with resin
Retsina
Red grape of Naoussa OPAP
Xinomarvo
Largest red wine appellation in Greece and its leading red grape
Nemea OPAP; Agiorgtiko AKA St. George’s grape
High acid white grape from Santotini
Assyrtiko
Basket style vine training in Greece
Stefani
Dessert specialty wine in Santorini
vinsanto
USA: Prohibition years
1920-1933
Paris Tasting Year
1976
USA - Alcohol variance rules
If ABV is less than 14% can say table wine
If <14% = 1.5 % variance is okay
If >14% = 1.0 % variance is okay
USA Wine Label Laws: If state or country is labeled what percentage must be from stated location
75%
** EXCEPTION CA & OR = 100% ; WA = 95%
USA Wine Label Laws: If grape is labeled what percentage must be from stated grape
75%
**EXCEPTION: OR requires 90% for Chardonnay and Pinot Noir
Native American grapes - 51%
USA Wine Label Laws: If AVA is labeled what percentage must be from stated AVA
85%
**EXCEPTION: OR requires 95%
USA Wine Label Laws: If vineyard is labeled what percentage must be from stated vineyard
95%
USA Wine Label Laws: If vintage is labeled what percentage must be from stated vinate
85%
**EXCEPTION: If AVA and vintage is listed, must be 95%
Term for wines produced in the style and with the grape varieties of Bordeaux
Meritage - no one grape can account for 90% + of the blend
Number of AVAs in California
142
5 broad super AVAS
North Coast AVA Sierra foothills AVA San Francisco Bay AVA Central Coast AVA South Coast AVA
Leading red and white grape of Napa County
Cab. Sav (3/4 production)
Chardonnay
Russian River Valley AVA red grape
Pinot Noir
Napa Valley location
North Coast AVA
East is Vaca Mtns, West is Mayacama Mtns
This bay provides morning fog influence in Napa
San Pablo Bay
Number of Napa Valley AVAs
17 (Napa AVA + 16 sub AVAs) - broken into valley floor and mountain Avas
NAPA Valley Floor AVAs
Calistoga St Helena Rutherford Oakville Yountville Stags Leap District Chiles Valley Oak Knoll District of Napa Valley Coomsbille Carneros Wild Horst Valley
NAPA Valley Mountain AVAs
Mount Vedeer Diamond Mountain Spring Mountain Howell Mountain Atlas Peak
AVA shared between Napa and Sonoma counties
Los Coneros
AVA shared between Napa and Solano counties
Wild Horse Valley
AVA shared between Sonoma and Marin counties
Peteluma Gap
Smallest AVA in US
Cole Ranch
Only elevation specific AVA of Napa
Howell Mountain
This person planted quality vinifera in sonoma county in the 1860s
Agoston Haraszty
Sonoma County Grapes
Chardonnay (80% white wine) Pinot Noir (2/3 production)
Mendincino Country AVA known for sparkling wines
Anderson valley
AVA referred to as “island in the sky”
Mendocino Ridge
18 AVAS of Sonoma
Sonoma Valley Bennet Valley Sonoma Mountain Moon Mountain Los Coneros Fountain Grove District Russian River Valley Green Valley of Russian River Petaluma Gap Chalk hill Dry Creek Valley Alexander Valley Knights Valley Rockpile Northern Sonoma Sonoma Coast Fort Ross Sea View Pine Mt. Coverdeal Peak
AVA shared between Mendocino and Sonoma
Pine Mountain of Colerdale Peak AVA
Napa AVA noted for “dust”
Rutherford
Napa AVA located east of the valley floor that extends into the Vaca Mountains
Chiles Valley
One of the oldest lakes and largest geothermal fields in the US
Clear Lake
Lake County grapes
Red: Cab Sav, Merlot
White: Sav. Blanc, Chardonnay
Central coast AVA extends from _______ to_______
San Francisco to Santa Barbara
Central Coast AVA grapes
Chardonnay and Pinot Noir
Major counties in Central Coast AVA
Monterrey County
San Luis Obispo County
Santa Barbara County
County that produces nearly 20% of CA Chardonnay
Monterey
Monterey County sub AVAs known for Cab. Sav and Rhone Varietals
San Lucas, Hames Valley
Monterey County’s cool climate sub AVAs are down for which grapes
WHITE: Chardonnay, Riesling, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Grigio
RED: Pinot Noir
San Luis Obipso County AVAS
Paso Robles AVAs + 11 sub AVAs
San Luis Obipso County grapes
RED: Bordeaux, Rhone varietals and Zinfadel
San Luis Obipso County cool climate AVA
Edna Valley
Northernmost AVA in Santa Barbara County and its grapes
Santa Maria Valley - Chardonnay, Pinot Noir
largest AVA in Santa Barbara County and its 4 sub avas
Santa Ynez Valley AVA
SUB AVAS: Ballard Canyon Los Olivos District St. Rita Hilla Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara
Area planted with 55% of CA grape acreage but is NOT an AVA
Central Valley
AVA located in Centra Valley and it’s 7 sub AVAs
LODI AVA
SUB: Alta Mesa Borden Ranch Clements Hills Cosumnes River Jahant Sloughouse Mokelupe River
Lodi AVA is known for these grapes
RED: Old vine zin, Petit Syrah, Cab. Sav, Rhone, Spanish, and Italian varieties
WHITE: Viognier
Sierra Foothills AVA grape
Zinfandel
Sierra foothills 5 AVAs
CA Shenandoah Valley AVA Fiddletown AVA Fairplay AVA El dorado AVA Worth Yuba AVA
Birthplace of the CA wine industry
South Coast AVA
First commercial winery in CA was established in the 1820’s in this AVA
South Coast AVA
This person brought Bordeaux varietals to South Coast AVA in 1830s
Jean Louis Vigne
South Coast Sub AVA using Viognier, Zinfandel, Cab Sab
Temecula AVA
Second largest producer of wine in the US
Washington state
Washington State grapes
70+ grapes planted with 50/50 split between red and white
Leading RED: Cab Sav, Merlot, Syrah
WHITE: Riesling, Chardonnay
Geographic feature in WA that creates a rain shadown
Cascades
Washington State - Columbia Valley AVA Sub AVAs
Columbia Valley Lake Chelan Wahluke Slope White Bluff Nanches Heights The Burn of Columbia Valley Horse Heaven Hills Ancient Lakes of Col. Valley Royal Slope AVA Walla Walla Valley AVA Columbia Gorge AVA Lewis Clark Valley AVA
Washington State - Yakima Valley AVA Sub AVAs
Rattlesnake hills Red Mountain Snipes Mountain Candy Mountain Goose Gap
Number of AVAs in Washington State
19
Only AVA in WA West of the Cascades. Less than 1% of states production.
Puget Sound AVA
WA state’s first appellation with a third of WA vineyards. Focuses mostly on Chardonnay
Yakima Valley AVA
AVA shared between Washington state and Idaho. Eastern most WA AVA
Lewis Clark Valley AVA
State law requires that any wine using WA appellation must be _____% WA grape
95
WA AVA that is one of the largest in the country, encompasses most of WA vineyard area
Columbia Valley
This AVA is shared with OR and is located where the Columbia River cuts a narrow passage though the Cascade Mountains
Columbia Gorge AVA
This WA AVA experiences “lake effect” which reduces frost risk and moderates temperatures
Lake Chelan AVA
This WA AVA is known for a deep layer of lakebed sediment known as the Ringold Formation
White Bluff AVA
One of the warmest, driest WA AVAs that focuses on Merlot, Cab. Sav. and Syrah. ~15% WA Production
Wahluke Slope AVA
This WA AVA has clay soils that help retain water and focuses on Pinot Grigio, Riesling, and Syrah
Naches Heights AVA
AVA named for numerous pot hole lakes formed by the Missoula Floods
Ancient Lakes of Columbia Valley AVA
This WA AVA is shared with OR and was planted by Italian immigrants. It is focused on Cab Sav but has other varieties
Walla Walla Valley AVA
3 UC Davis Grads that pioneers the OR wine industry
David Lett, Charles Coury, DIck Erath
Three types of wine that OR has gained acclaim for
Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, Riesling
Top Burgundy Producer who opened a wine estate in OR in 1988 and the name of the winery
Maison Joseph Drouhin ; Domain Drouhin
3 AVAs that straddle OR and WA border
Columbia Gorge, Columbia Valley, Walla Walla Valley
This AVA, an hour south of Portland, is home to 75% of OR vineyards
Willamette Valley
This tiny AVA is located on the OR side of the Walla Walla Valley (shared with WA)
Rocks District of Milton Freewater
This AVA combines Rogue Valley and Umpqua Valley AVAs which are both warmer AVAs focusing on Cab. Sav, Merlot, and Syrah
Southern Oregon
The Rogue Valley’s one Sub AVA
Applegate Valley AVA
OR Grapes
RED: Pinot Noir (62%)
WHITE: Pinot Gris, Chard., Riesling
OR LAW: If one of the 18 key varieties is stated on the label, it must contain ___% of states grape
90
Number of AVAs in OR
22
Willamette Valley AVA contains 75% of OR vineyards - name the 10 sub AVAs
Dundee Hills Ribbon Ridge Eola Amity Hills Van Duzer Coorider McMinnvile Yamhill-Carlton District Chahelem Mountains Laurelward District Tualatin Hills Lower Long Tom
Two Sub AVAS of Umqua Valley
Elkton OR
Red Hill Doughlas Co.
This OR AVA is shared with Idaho and focuses on Cab Sav, Merlot, Syrah, Chard., Riesling
Snake River Valley AVA
New York’s __________ AVA and its 2 Sub AVAS__________ and_________ account for over 85% of the states production
Finger Lakes
Seneca Lake
Cayuga Lake
Viticulturalist from Russia who is credited with planting vinifera grapes in the cold climate of NY
Dr. Konstantin Frank
Main grapes of NY’s Finger Lakes AVA
Cab Franc, Riesling
This AVA is located 2 hours east of NYC and has these 2 subappellations that focus on Bordeaux blends and single varietal Merlot and Chardonnay
Long Island AVA
North Fork of Long Island AVA
The Hamptons AVA
The Brotherhood winery is located in this AVA located north of NYC
Hudson River Region AVA
The Hudson River AVA contains the oldest vineyards in the US called
Benmarl Vineyards
Wine laws of Ontario are defined by an appellation and quality control system known as
VQA - Vitner’s Quality Alliance
British Columbia has these two standards of quality
BC VQA & Wines of Marked Quality
Most of Canada’s wine grapes are gown here
Great Lakes in Provence of Ontario
This appellation has the most vineyards in Ontario
Niagara Peninsula
A ridge of long cliffs that has a major effect on the climate of the Niagara Peninsula region giving the area a large range of microclimates
Niagara Escarpment
Grapes of Ontario
Chardonnay, Riesling, Cab Franc
ICE WINE!
Premier grape growing area in BC found east of the Coast Range
Okanagan Valley
Grapes of BC
Merlot, Pinot Noir, Pinot Gris, Chardonnay
90% of modern wine in Mexico is produced here
Valle de Guadelupe (located near the city of Ensenada) in Baja California Region
This winery, located in the Mexican state of Coahuila is one of the older wineries in N. America
Cas Madero
Mexico’s leading grapes
WHITE: Chenin Blanc! Chard, Sav. Blanc, Viogner
RED: Cab Sav! Malbec! Tempranillo! Merlot, Grenache, Barbera, Syrah
High altitude vineyards of Argentina are often affected by these fierce winds
Zonda
Weather threat in Argentina during harvest time
hailstorms
Leading grape of Argentina
Malbec (inky black. blackberry, plum)
Argentina’s leading white grape which has recently been determined to be 3 distinct varieties
Torrontes
This mountain range creates a rain shadow and helps with irrigation from snow melt in Argentina
Andes
Grape in Argentina used for fortified wines
Pedro Gimenez
Argentina’s 2 DOC wine areas
Lujan de Cuyo
San Rafael
Argentina’s Quality Structure Low to High
IP - Indication de Procedencia (table/regional wines)
IG - Indication geografica
DOC - denominacion de origen controlada (highest)
Argentina’s wine laws are regulated by
INV (Institudo Nacional de Viticultual) and local consejo (council)
In Argentina Reserva and Grand Reserva are only allowed for
Vinos Finos
Reserva: W: 6 mo ; R: 1 year
Grand Reserva: W: 1 year ; R: 2 year
Northern Regions of Argentina
Jujuy
Salta
Catamara
Tucuman
Central Regions of Argentina
La Rioja
San Juan
Mendoza (5 sub regions: Uco Valley, Primera Zona, Northern Oasis, East Mendoza, South Mendoza)
Home of the ultra high elevation Moya Vineyard
Jujuy
Province known for high-altitude Torrentes Riojano that has two subregions. Name the Province and subregions
Salta: Cafayate and Molinos
Provence in the northern region of Argentina known for the Criolla grape
Catamara
Provence in Northern region of Argentina that contains the Calchaqui Vallely
Tucaman
Province with closet to 17% of Argentina’s vineyards making it the second largest grape producing region in the country
San Juan
Provence that contains 75% of Argentina’s vineyards and the 2 DOC wine areas
Mendoza
DOC’s : Lujan de Cuyo (Primera Zona) and San Rafael (South Menoza)
Mendoza’s Grapes
RED: 61%! Malbec, Bonarda, Cab Sav, Syrah
WHITE: Chard, Torrontes, Sav Blacn
Argentina’s Central Southern Regions
Cordoba Neuquen La Pampa Rio Negro Chabut Buenos Aires
Province located south of Mendoza producing 85% red wine
Neuquem
Central Southern Region Province in Argentina making 50% Malbec
La Pampa
Home of the province of the Sarmiento region and some of the southernmost vineyards in the world. Focus on Pinot Noir
Chabut
This desert is located in the north of Chile and is one of the driest places on earth
Atacama Desert
Southern Chile contains the frozen archipelago of
Tierra del Fuego
Due to natural barriers and strict quarintine policies, Chile has manage to avoid this pest
Phylloxera
Chile’s cold ocean current that flows along shores from the polar seas
Humbolt
Chile’s most widely planted grape is ___________ but it’s signature grape (once thought to be Merlot) is ___________
Cab Sav - most widely
Carmenere - signature
Chile’s main white grapes
Chardonnay Sauvignon Blanc (was actually Sav. Vert originally but have been replanted so now these are referred to as just Sauvignon)
Chile’s set of geographic place name origin laws are known as this system
DO: Denominacaion de Origem
Under Chilean law, min requirement for place of origin, vintage, and variety on wine label is ____% but because they are export oriented they use the EU standard of ____%
75 ; 85
3 terms based on Chile’s east-west geography approved for wine labels ; must have 85% grown in the area to use these
Costa (Coast)
Entre Cordilleras (between the mountains)
Andes
Chile’s DO terms from largest to smallest
Viticultural Region
Subregion
Zone
Area
Chile’s major viticultural regions from north to south
Atacama Region Coquimo Region (3 subs) Anacagua Region (3 subs) Central Valley Region (4 subs) Del Sur/Southern Region (3 subs) Austral Region
3 subregions of Coquimo Region
Elqui Valley
Limari Valley
Choapa Valley
3 subregions of Aconcagua Region
Aconcagua Valley
Casablanca Valley
San Antonio Valley (CONTAINS ZONE: Leyda Valley)
4 subregions of Central Valley Region
Maipo Valley
Rapel Valley
Curico Valley
Maule Valley
3 subregions of Del Sur/Southern Region
Itata Valley
Bio Bio Valley
Malleco Valley
Area of Coquimbo increasingly known for the country’s best Syrah
Elqui Valley
Cool climate subregion of Coquimno well known for mineral driven white wines. Impacted by Pacific fog from Humboldt current
Limari Valley
Wine area located in the narrowest part of the country.
Choapa Valley
Warmest subregion of Aconcagua focusing on Cab. Sav, Merlot, Syrah
Aconcagua Valley
Sub region of Aconcagua located very close to the coast and well known for white wines. 75% Chard and Sav. Blanc
Casablanca Valley
Subzone of San Antonio Valley known for granite soils and breezy conditions
Leyda Valley
80% of Chile’s wine growing is in this region
Central Valley Region
Region surrounding the Chilean city of Santiago considered the historical heart of winemaking. Focus on Cab Sav
Maipo Valley
Region that contains the Cachapoal and Colchagua Valleys. Red focus: Cab Sav, Merlot, Syrah, Carmenere
Rapel Valley
Area known for Carignan and VIGNO organization
Maule Valley
Area of southern regions (Del Sur) increasingly planted with Riesling, Chardonnay, and Pinot Noir
Bio Bio Vallley
Area of southern regions (Del Sur) planted with Dais, Moscatel, Cab Sav, Merlot
Itata Valley
Area awarded Brazil’s first and only DO
Vale dos Vinhedos DO
Focus on Merlot and Chard
Brazil’s leading wine production region with 85% of its production
Serra Goucha
Serra Goucha’s red focused grapes
Barbara, Cab Sav, Cab Franc, Tannat
Serra Goucha’s sparkling focus
Malvesia, Moscato: Charmat Method
Chardonnay, Pinot Noir: Classic Method
Leading grape in Uraguay
Tannat (red) AKA Harraque
Wine region located nearest to the border between Argentina and Bolivia
Jujuy
Climactic influences on South Africa
Benguela current (flows up from South Africa) Cape Doctor (southern wine that dries vines)
Most widely planted grape in South Africa and its local name
Chenin Blanc AKA Steen
Red wine blend with 30-70% Pinotage
Cape Blend
Name of appellation system used in South Africa
Wine of Origen (WO)
Terms for South African wine regions from largest to smallest (according to geographic size)
Geographical Unit
Region
District
Ward
Pinot Noir X Cinsault
Pinotage - developed at Stellenbosch University
WO Wines must have area named _______% grapes from stated area and will receive this if they are WO
100% from stated area - white paper seal
WO Wines listing grapes or vintage must have _______% from that stated grapes or vintage
85
South Africa’s primary GU with 95% of its vineyards
Western Cape
Main regions of the Western Cape
Coastal Region/Boberg Cape South Coast Breed River Valley Klein Karoo Olifants River
Coastal Region Districts/Wards
Stellenbosch District Paarl District Franschoek Valley District Constantina Ward Swartland District
Ward near city of Cape Town that is famous for a traditional dessert wine
Constantina Ward: Vin de Constance (Sweet, fortified)
Cool climate district near town of Hermanus. Known for Chardonnay and Pinot Noir
Walker Bay District
District north of Stelenbosch that is home to many of the more familiar S. Af. wine brands
Paarl District
Inland district that grows 25% of S. Africa’s wine (as well as table grapes and grapes for brandy)
Worcester District
District known as the valley of vines and roses. Focus on Shiraz and Cab Sav.
Robertson District
Breed River Valley (Western Cape) grape focus
Chardonnay, Sav. Blanc
Second largest producer of wine in Africa
Algeria
Northern Africa wine production countries
Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia
Most widely planted grape in Australia
Shiraz (Syrah)
Australia’s wine regions in proper order from largest to smallest
State, zone, region
Agency that enforces place of origin system in Australia
Australian Grape and Wine Authority
Nickname for Australian sweet wines
stickies
In Australia, if you use a grape name on label what percentage must be made from stated grape
85%
Leading white grape in Australia
Chardonnay
Australian GI’s (generic) in order
Multistate State Super zone Region Sub region
New South Wales major wine areas
Hunter Valley (zone)
Mudgee (region)
Riverina (region)
Largest wine region in Australia (geographic area)
Riverina - `1/2 of the countires wine (bulk table)
Region located west of the Great Dividing Range; some vineyards are 2000+ft
Mudgee
Mudgee grapes
Cab Sav., Shiraz
Hunter Valley main grape
Semillon
Island located off the coast of Victoria known for cool climate wines (Chard, Pinot Noir) and sparkling
Tasmania
Victoria Major Wine Areas
Rutherglen (region)
Yarra Valley & Mornington Peninsula (regions)
Heathcote (region)
Region in Victoria known for muscat wines
Rutherglen
Warm climate zone north of Sydney noted for Semillon
Hunter Valley
Region on outskirts of Melbourne noted for Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
Yarra Valley
Region located between Bendigo and Goulburn Valley that is influenced by cool winds from Mt. Camel Range. Known for Shiraz
Heathcote
Major wine areas of South Australia
Coonawarra (region)
Barosa Valley & McLaren Vale (regions)
Claire Valley & Eden Valley (regions)
Riverland (region)
Region well known for Terra Rosa soils
Coonawarra
Region near Adelade known for Shiraz
Barossa Valley
Region near Adelaide known for Riesling
Clare Valley
Zone that includes Coonawarra
Limestone Coast
Commercially important region with the second largest volume of wine in Australia
Riverland
Region located in Southwest Australia known for Chardonnay, Semillon Blends, and Sav, Blanc
Margaret River
Most widely planted white grape of New Zealand
Sav. Blanc
Percentage of New Zealand wine that is white
85%
Most widely planted red grape of New Zealand
Pinot Noir
Nick name for New Zealand
Aotearoa “Land of the Long White Cloud”
Mountain chain on New Zealand’s South Island that causes rain shadow
Southern Alps
New Zealand GI’s
New Zealand
South Island
North Island
Geographic feature of New Zealand’s North Island
Volcanic mountains
New Zealand wine law for GI’s
Must be renewed after the first 5 years and after that every 10 years
If grape stated on label of New Zealand what percentage must be that grape
85%
North Island GI’s
Northland
Auckland
Waikato Bay of Plenty (Gisborne)
Hawkes Bay
Self proclaimed chardonnay capitol of New Zealand
Gisbourne
Leading region for New Zealand Cab Sav, Merlot, and Syrah. Makes 70% of NZ’s red wines.
Hawkes Bay
Area within Hawke’s Bay region known for greywacke soils
Gimblett Gravels
South Island GI’s
Nelson
Marlborough (Wairau Valley, Awatere Valley, Southern Valleys)
Canterbury (North Canterbury, Waipara Valley, Canterury Plains, Waitaki Valley)
Central Otago
Only wine region on New Zealand’s South Island located west of the Southern Alps. Known for Sav. Blanc and Chard.
Nelson
Region where Cloudy Bay Vineyards is located. 2/3 of New zealands production is here. Known for Sav Blanc and Pinot Noir
Marlborough
3 subregions of Marlborough
Wairau Valley
Awatere Valley
Southern Valley
Area located in Gisborne Bay
Poverty Bay
Area in Marlborough known for stony, alluvial soils, and cool climate
Wairau Valley
AKA Bay of Plenty
Waikatu
Large wine region that contains the city Christchurch and has dry no’rwestern winds
Canterbury
One of world’s southernmost wine regions and the highest elevation region in New Zealand. Known for Pinot Noir, some Chard, Pinot Gris, Sav Blanc, Riesling
Central Otago
Sub region of Central Otago that sees harvest a month before the rest of the region
Bannockburn
Most southerly sub region of Central Otago
Alexandria
Muscat of Alexandria grape is known in many of the warmer areas Australia where it is often called
Gordo Blanco
Where is Lodi and what does it grow
Central Valley - CA
70 different grape varieties but known for old vine Zin, Petite Sirah, Cab Sav, Viognier, Rhone and Spanish varieties
what is pigeage?
French. Form of cap management known as “punching down”
On a napa valley label what percentage must the grape be…?
100% (Oregon also requires 100% if AVA)
French term. Wooden rack traditionally used to hold bottles of sparkling wine during the process of riddling
Pupitre
what is the most northernly region of germany.
Ahr
German. Single variety of rose of Qualitatswein quality or higher
Weissherbst
four “Noble Grapes of Alsace”
Riesling, Gewurztraminer, Pinot Gris and Muscat.
AVA often referred to as islands in the sky
Mendocino Ridge AVA
Vidal is
a hybrid from two species
Ausbruch DAC makes what kind of wine
white sweet botrytis affected wine
Cloudy, having sediment or foreign particles
Turbid
What are tactile senses?
Sensors in the nose/mouth that allow people to respond to tactile stimuli in wines. Viscosity, texture, dissolved gas, serving temp, astringency, heat from alc, and sulfur dioxide content
the name given to a red wine grape variety used in China. Originally believed to be of European origin, and similar if not identical to Cabernet Franc
Cabernet Gernischt ; Cabernet Gernischt has since been proven to be genetically identical to Carménère.
What is Zweigelt
also known as Rotburger, is a new Austrian grape created in 1922 by Friedrich Zweigelt, who later became Director of the Federal Institute and Experimental Station of Viticulture, Fruit Production and Horticulture. It comprises a crossing between St. Laurent and Blaufränkisch.
How do the andes affect argentina
Creates barrier to westerly winds and results in rain shadow that keeps western argentina very dry. Snowmelt irrigates. High elevation. Lots of sunshine
