Trilogy combined Physics Flashcards
Weight =
mass x gravitational field strength
m x g
Work done (W) =
force x distance
F x s
Force applied to a spring (F) =
spring constant x extension
k x e
Distance travelled (s) =
speed x time
s = v x t
Acceleration (a) =
change in velocity / time
Resultant force (F) =
mass x acceleration
m x a
Kinetic energy (Ek) =
1/2 x mass x (speed squared)
1/2 x m x v^2
Gravitational potential energy (Ep) =
mass x gravitational field strength x height
m x g x h
Power (P) =
energy transferred / time or word done/time
E / t or W / t
energy efficiency =
useful energy transferred out / total energy in
power efficiency
useful power output / total power input
wave speed (v) =
frequency x wavelength
f x wavelength
Unit for energy is
Joules (J)
The standard unit for mass is
kilograms (kg)
The standard unit for gravitational field strength is
newtons per kilogram or N/kg
How does height affect an object’s Ep? (gravitational potential energy)
The higher the object, the more Ep it has
How does mass affect an object’s Ep? (gravitational potential energy)
The heavier an object, the more Ep it has
How does mass affect an object’s Ek? (kinetic energy)
The heavier an object, the more Ek it has
How does velocity affect an object’s Ek? (kinetic energy)
The faster an object, the more Ek it has
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be…
transferred, stored or dissipated
Energy can be transferred, stored or dissipated, but it cannot be…
created or destroyed
What are the most common ways in which energy is wasted during a transfer?
sound or heat
Differences between scalar and vector quantities
Scalar quantities have magnitude only, vector quantities have magnitude and direction
Examples of contact forces
friction
air resistance
tension
contact
What do these forces have in common: friction, air resistance, tension, contact
Contact forces, the objects have to be physically touching
Examples of non-contact forces
gravitational force
electrostatic force, magnetic force
What do these forces have in common: gravitational, electrostatic and magnetic
non-contact forces, objects are physically separated
Units for Force
Newtons (N)
How to convert mass into weight on Earth (g=10N/kg)
Mass x 10 = Weight
How to convert weight into force on Earth (g=10N/kg)
Weight / 10 = Mass
Name an item of lab equipment which can be used to measure weight
calibrated spring balance (newtonmeter)
What is a resultant force?
The overall force that takes into account all the forces acting on an object
The name for the overall force that takes into account all the forces acting on an object
Resultant force
Work done against friction causes a rise in…
the temperature of the object
The extension of an object like a spring is directly proportional to the force applied, unless…
the limit of proportionality is exceeded
As long as the limit of proportionality is not exceeded…
the extension of a sprint is directly proportional to the force applied
Difference between distance and displacement
Distance is how far an object moves but does not include direction
Displacement (a vector) is the distance an object moves if you measure it in a straight line from the start to the finish
What does distance and speed have in common?
They’re both scalar quantities
What does displacement and velocity have in common?
They’re both vector quantities
On a distance/time graph, the gradient of the line represents
velocity
On a distance/time graph, a straight line sloping upwards or downwards represents
a steady speed
On a distance/time graph, a curve going up represents
acceleration
On a distance/time graph, a horizontal line represents
a stationary object
On a velocity/time graph, the gradient represents
acceleration
On a velocity/time graph, a horizontal line represents
a constant velocity
On a distance/time graph, not moving is represented with
a horizontal line
On a velocity/time graph, a steady velocity is represented by
a horizontal line
Newton’t First Law of Motion states that if forces acting on an object are balanced
a stationary object will stay stay stationary
and
a moving object will stay at a constant velocity
Newton’s First Law of Motion states that if a stationary object stays stationary, the forces acting on it must be…
balanced
Newton’s First Law of Motion states that if a moving object is at a constant velocity, the forces acting on it must be
unbalanced
If forces are balanced, the resultant force =
0
The equation that represents Newton’s second law is…
Resultant force = mass x acceleration
Newton’s Third Law of Motion states
when two objects interact, the forces acting on them are equal and opposite
The stopping distance of a vehicle can be calculated by the sum of
thinking distance + braking distance
The thinking distance is
the distance the vehicle travels while the driver is reacting
The distance the vehicle travels while the driver is reacting is known as
the thinking distance
The braking distance is
the distance the vehicle travels under the braking force
The distance the vehicle travels under the braking force is known as
the braking distance
A vehicle’s thinking distance is affected by
tiredness, drugs and alcohol
What component of a vehicle’s stopping distance is affected by tiredness, drugs and alcohol?
Thinking distance
A vehicle’s braking distance is affected by
poor weather and the condition of the vehicle
What component of a vehicle’s stopping distance is affected by poor weather and the condition of the vehicle?
Braking distance
Ripples on water are an example of
transverse waves
Sound waves travelling through air are
longitudinal waves
The amplitude of a wave is represented as
the maximum displacement of a point on a wave from the centre, undisturbed position
The wavelength of a wave is represented by
the distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent point on the next wave
The frequency of a wave is
the number of waves passing a point each second
The maximum displacement of a point on a wave from the centre, undisturbed position
Amplitude
The distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent point on the next wave
Wavelength
The number of waves passing a point each second
Frequency
Unit of frequency
Hertz (Hz)
What kind of waves are electromagnetic waves?
Transverse
How are waves in the electromagnetic spectrum organised?
According to their wavelength and frequency
List the electromagnetic waves in order of wavelength (shortest to longest)
Gamma X UV Visible light Infrared Microwaves Radio
List the electromagnetic waves in order of wavelength (longest to shortest)
Radio Microwaves Infrared Visible light UV X Gamma
Which EM waves are used for television and radio?
Radio waves
Which EM waves are used for satellite communication and cooking food?
Microwaves
Which EM waves are used for heaters, cooking food and thermal imagingcameras?
Infra-red
Which EM waves are used for fibre optic communication?
Visible light
Which EM waves are used for energy efficient bulbs and tanning beds?
Ultraviolet (UV)
Which EM waves are used for medical imaging and treatments?
X rays and gamma rays
What are radio waves used for?
Television and radio
What are microwaves used for?
Satellite communication
Cooking food
What are infrared waves used for?
electrical heaters
cooking food
thermal imaging cameras
What type of communication is visible light used for?
fibre optics
What are UV rays used for?
energy efficient lamps
tanning beds
What are x rays and gamma rays used for?
Medical imaging and treatments
