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Physio > trigeminal perception > Flashcards

trigeminal perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is stereognosis

A

3 dimensionality, size, texture, hardness

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2
Q

what are the 3 branches of the CN V

A

opthalamic (sensory)
maxillary (sensory)
mandibular (sensory and motor)

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3
Q

sensory input to the trigeminal ganglion can project to what nuclei (and where are they located)

A
  1. mesencephalic nucleus (midbrain)
  2. motor nucleus (pons)
  3. main sensory nucleus (pons)
  4. spinal trigeminal nucleus (medulla)
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4
Q

what are the 3 subdivisions/nuclei of the spinal trigeminal nucleus located in the medulla

A
  1. oralis
  2. interpolaris
  3. caudalis
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5
Q

trigeminal projections to the CNS cross where

A

(from one of the nuclei in the brainstem) they cross at the VPM of the thalamus and then go to the parietal cortex (primary somatosensory cortex) in the oral/facial region

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6
Q

what are the 3 fiber types of the trigeminal nerve

A

a-beta, a delta, c-fiber

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7
Q

properties of an a-beta fiber

A

largest diameter, fastest, low threshold, TOUCH AND PROPRIOCEPTION

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8
Q

properties of an a-delta fiber

A

high threshold, SHARP PAIN, TOUCH, TEMP, CHEMESTHESIS

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9
Q

properties of a c-fiber

A

smallest diameter, slowest, highest threshold, DULL & BURNING PAIN, TEMP, CHEMESTHESIS

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10
Q

what are the 2 types of mechanoreceptors

A
  1. fast adapting

2. slow adapting

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11
Q

what is a fast adapting mechanoreceptor

A

no a.p/response during static stimuli. includes RA I and RA II

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12
Q

what is a slow adapting mechanoreceptor

A

a.p/response during static stimuli. includes SA I and SA II

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13
Q

what is the difference between type I and type II mechanoreceptors

A

type 1= small, sharp borders

type 2= large (receptive field), obscure borders…located deeper in the tissue

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14
Q

meissner corpuscles are what type of fiber and sense what stimuli

A

RA I, spacial discrimination

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15
Q

pacinian corpuscles are what type of fiber and sense what stimuli

A

RA II, vibration

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16
Q

merkel discs are what type of fiber and sense what stimuli

A

SA I, pressure

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17
Q

ruffini endings are what type of fiber and sense what stimuli

A

SA II, skin stretch (pain?)

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18
Q

what feature of pacinian corpuscles impart their rapid adapting response

A

lamellae encapsulation. when the lamellae are removed there is no “off response”

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19
Q

what 3 channels/mechanisms are their for the mechanoreception transduction with a “stretch stimuli”

A
  1. ENaC
  2. TRP channels
  3. Piezo1 and Piezo2
    (cation channels)
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20
Q

what are TRP channels

A

transient receptor potential channels

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21
Q

what factors influence mechanoreceptor sensing (4)

A
  1. size of the fiber and degree of its myelination
  2. location of receptor (whether its deep or superficial)
  3. structure of ending of mechanoreceptor (aka the degree of its encapsulation…by lamellae?)
  4. its method of transduction (what type of channel it uses)
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22
Q

what measures touch discrimination (sensitivity to stimuli)

A

Von Frey Hairs…calibrated in mg

23
Q

what measures 2-point discrimination

A

two-point discrimination tools….calibrated in distance (how far 2 stimuli have to be from each other to distinguish b/w the 2). distances correspond to the separation b/w 2 points of stimulation. females are typically more sensitive.

24
Q

the smaller the # in 2 point discrimination measurement the….

A

the more sensitive the area is

25
Q

infraorbital nerve is a branch of what CNV division

A

maxillary (sensory only)…innervates the face

26
Q

what type of mechanoreceptors are in the infraorbital nerve

A
  1. SA1 and SA2

2. RA1

27
Q

what mechanoreceptor type is absent in the infraorbital nerve

A

RA2/pacinian corpuscles (responsible for vibration)

28
Q

describe the perioral and facial area sensitivity to vibration

A

due to the lack of RA2/pacinian corpuscles in this area there is low vibrotactile sensitivity. this is represented by high measurements in the von frey hair index.

29
Q

the higher the numbers in a von frey hair test, the…

A

the more intense vibrations need to be to sense the stimuli. the lower the numbers, the more sensitive the area is

30
Q

the lingual nerve is a branch of which CN V division

A

mandibular (sensory and motor)…innervates the tongue

31
Q

describe the sensitivity of the tongue (von frey)

A

the tip of the tongue is most sensitive (low von frey numbers). this is due to the high density of mechanoreceptors here (SA and RA) and small receptive fields at the tip of the tongue

32
Q

what kind of nerve endings are found highly in the tongue and palate

A

unencapsulated ending and coiled endings (KRAUSE END BULBS specifically)

33
Q

krause end bulbs are similar to what other type of mechanoreceptor

A

meissner corpuscles (that are found in the hand)…responsible for spatial discrimination. RA 1

34
Q

what type of mechanoreceptors are found in the tongue

A

RA and SA mechanoreceptors…but only have 1 kind of ending (krause end bulbs?)

35
Q

the auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of which division of CN V

A

mandibular. innervates the TMJ

36
Q

describe the innervation of the TMJ

A

specialized pattern of innervation in which all innervation by the auriculotemporal nerve is on the posterior external portion of the capsule

37
Q

what nerves innervate the TMJ

A

all mandibular branch…mostly auriculotemporal, but some masseter and posterior deep temporal

38
Q

what kind of nerve endings are found at the TMJ

A

free nerve endings (c-fibers)

39
Q

what kind of mechanoreceptors are found at the TMJ and in what population

A

Ruffini endings> golgi tendon organs > pacinian corpuscles

40
Q

what nerves innervate the PDL

A

maxillary: superior alveolar
mandibular: inferior alveolar

41
Q

which teeth/PDL are most sensitive

A

anterior teeth are more sensitive than posterior

42
Q

what kind of mechanoreceptor endings are in the PDL

A
  1. complex ruffini
  2. simple ruffini
  3. unmyelinated free nerve endings
43
Q

where are nerve fibers of the PDL that project to the mesencephalic nucleus located in higher density in the PDL (compared to nerves that project to the trigeminal ganglia)

A

mesencephalic nucleus fibers are located predominately deeper in the ligament (compared to the trigeminal ganglia nerves that are evenly distributes through the ligament)

44
Q

the PDL mechanoreceptors are ___ sensitive and ____ sensitive

A

rate sensitive. the slower the stimulus is applied, the fewer the a.p that occur. the pdl is also directionally sensitive.

45
Q

describe the directional sensitivity of the pdl

A

it is a slow adapting response. certain directions of forces are more sensitive than others (labial and distal= most sensitive). different cells in the PDL have different directional sensitivites

46
Q

what determines the directional sensitivity of the PDL

A

the location of the ruffini endings (SAII)

47
Q

is oral tactile ability compromised following dentures

A

yes.

48
Q

what consequences do implants and dentures have on patients

A

have trouble controlling force (where to put it) but do not have trouble generating force/motor fn

49
Q

how are denture patient’s stereognosis affected

A

less stereognosis (3D sensitivity) sensitivity.

50
Q

what is the fn of the PDL

A
  1. detect force to teeth
  2. interdental discrimination
  3. sterognosis
  4. jaw reflexes
  5. salivation (autonomics!)
51
Q

temp sensitivity in the oral/facial region

A

sensitivity varies depending on the region. sensitivity varies most for warm stimuli compared to cold (regions of the face are very similar in sensitivity to cold stimuli). tongue tip is most sensitive to warm stimuli.

52
Q

temperature transduction is mediated by what type of channels

A

transient receptor potentials …TRP channels. many different subclasses of TRP channels that respond to different ranges of temperature.

53
Q

what nuclei is responsible for sensing temperature

A

spinal trigeminal nucleus…interpolaris division. so sensory comes in from the face/oral cavity to the trigeminal ganglion and then projects to the CNS to the ST/interpolaris nucleus in the MEDULLA

Physio (9 decks)

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