Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Block 5 Tricky > Tricky 5) > Flashcards

Tricky 5) Flashcards

1
Q

Falx cerebri?

A

Strong, arched fold of dura mater whoch descends certically in the longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sigmoid sinus

A

2 dural venous sinuses draining from the transverse sinuses to the internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tentorium cerebelli?

A

Dura mater extension, separates the cerebellum from the inferior occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Venous sinuses

A

Channels between layers of dura in the brain. Blood empties to internal jugular vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

C fibers

A

Polymodal (thermal,mechanical,chemical) and slow. Conduct itch too. No myelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A-delta fibers?

A

Transmit pain and temperature. Have some myelin(saltatory conduction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Kyphosis

A

Old person, hunched over.

Sacral and thoracic spine is kyphotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lordosis

A

Lumbar lordosis- sticking bum out.

Lumbar and cervical are lordotic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spinal enlargements

A

Cervical (for arms)

Lumbar (for legs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anterior white commissure

A

Joins grey matter horns in spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Funiculis

A

Aka white matter tracts/lemniscus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Final common pathway- motor neurons

A

LMN from brainstem/spinal cord (CNS) to peripheral muscles (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why are neurons negative inside?

A

Big negative proteins inside
Negative PO43- ions
Na/K ATPase pump takes 2K+ in and pushes 3 Na+ out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

Globus pallidus externa and interna and putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Striatum

A

Putamen and caudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Huntingtons disease

A

Increased dopamine, violent movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hemiballism

A

Increased dopamien, violent movements from one side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Goldman equations

A

Calculates resting membrane potential,

Takes concentration and permeability of ions into account

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hyaline Cartilage constituents(3)

A

Chondrocytes(made from chondroblasts which entomb). Form the surface.

Fibers-provide structure.

Ground substance(made of electrolytes, proteins etc)-provides elasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hox genes

A

Form cartilage precursor, same order as bones, give bone indentiy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Specified by axons and types of receptors

These are nociceptors, and are pain specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Denticulate ligament

A

Connects arachnoid to pia in the spine

23
Q

Lumbar cistern

A

Take CSF from lumbar region L3/4 or L4/5 as it is below conus medullaris (end of spinal cord, L1/2. At birth, L3/4.)

24
Q

Extradural

A

Potnetial space. Dura sticks to skull.

25
Epidural
Real space, between bone and spinal dura
26
Subarachnoid space
Real space Contains CSF Extends to S2, between arachnoid and pia
27
Pseudounipolar neurons
1st order so they can reach between PNS and CNS
28
Vertbral arch
Made of pedicle, spinous process, transverse process and lamina. Forms attachments for muscles etc
29
Foramen magnum
Beginning of spinal cord
30
Cauda equina CE syndrome?
Lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerve roots, exit through conus medullaris. From L2 to L5 Bladder/bowel problems, perineal numbness, new sexual dysfunction, bilateral leg numbness
31
Herniated disc? Where does it cause femiral/ sciatic to be affected?
Jelly stuff, very irritant, inflamamtion puts pressure on nerve. L2/3/4= femoral L5/S1=sciatic (most common)
32
Filum terminale
Pia filament down middle cauda equina
33
Spinal central pattern generators
Produce complex rhythmic movement (headless chicken)
34
Thanatron
Euthanasia device, pumps K+ so cells cant reploarise
35
Facet joint
Aka zygoapophyseal Between inferior and superior articular processes in vertebrae
36
Top of spine bones
Occipitut Atlas (C1) Axis (C2)
37
Neuropathic gait
High stepping
38
Axon hillock
There is decremental spread (slowly decreasing) as potential becomes graded (excitatory/inhibitory signals)
39
Spine-> plexus???
Ventral and dorsal roolets-> ventral roots, dorsal root ganglion-> spinal nerve-> rami of nerve/root of plexus (anterior or posterior)-> plexus
40
Abductor muscles
Stabilize pelvis
41
Dorsiflexors
Make foot clear ground
42
Pain suppressors (natural)
Placebo Higher brain centres Gate theory(local interneurons in spinal cord are "gates"; costimulation of A-alpha and beta and C fibers inhibits C fiber projections
43
Suprathreshhold? Subthreshold? (In terms of AP generation)
Supra= decided the frequency of AP(how much firing) Sub=graded response magnitude
44
Congenital analgesia
Cant feel pain Lower life expectancy Mutation in Na channels that respond to nociception Still have normal senses
45
Nerve layers (4)
Epineurium Fascicle Edoneurium Myelin sheath
46
Absolute refractory period?
+40mV. Cant conduct AP. Repolarises.
47
Relative refractory period
-80mV. Afterhyperpolarision. Boltage gated K+ channels close slowly. Greater than usual stimuli needed to evoke AP.
48
Resting membrane potential
-70mV, leaky K+ channels close
49
Parkinsons disease? Symptoms? Treatment?
Degenration of substantia nigra pars compacta. No dopamine. Tremor rigidity akinesia postural problems L dopa boosts DA neurons still alive DA agonist Foetal cell transplants Deep brain stimulation/surgery
50
Motor Neuron Disease Drug?
Alpha motor neuron degenration Muscle atrophy/weakness Abnormal reflexes (breathing, swallowing) Rilize stops glutamate transmission, reducing cell death
51
Bone fracture healing
Haematoma Subperiosteal and endosteal proliferation Callus(woven bone=radom organisation of collagen as osteoblast makes osteoid too fast!) Consolidation (lamellar=mature, parallel collagen, strong, has osteons(aka haversian system made of rings(lamellae) with osteocytes in lacunae. Haversian canal in the middle)
52
Allodynia Hyperanalgesia Fibromyalgia Back pain
A=touch evoked pain (A-beta fibers) H=increased, ongoing pain (C fibers) Can be primary= at damage site or secondary= around damage site F=chronic widespread pain and allodynia. Analgesics, counselling, antidepressents and exercise used Back pain=number 1 cause of pain
53
Torque
Rotation around a joint
54
Bipedalism adaptations
``` Cancel out vertebral curves Bicondyle angle of femur Bigger head if femur Pelvis shortened and expanded Iliac blade curved and medially orientated Knee locking (anterior cruciate can tear) Longitudinal foot arches Iliofemoral ligament tensins ```

Block 5 Tricky (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions