Triangle & Root of the Neck (Hoagland) Flashcards
What are the terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery
Which lymph nodes are located where the trapezius muscle attaches to the skull and drain the posterior scalp and neck?
Occipital nodes
Lymph draining from all tissues of the body ultimately return to the systemic circulation at the root of the neck via which two ducts?
Thoracic duct
Right lymphatic duct
What does the carotid sinus monitor?
Blood pressure (contains baroreceptors)
What does the carotid body monitor?
Partial pressure of oxygen (chemoreceptors)
Which nerve courses horizontally over the sternocleidomastoid muscle to innervate the skin over the naterior triangle of the neck?
Transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3)
What is the function of the following muscle?
Longus colli muscle
Flexes the neck and helps rotate it contralaterally.
Which of the cranial nerves pass through the anterior traingle?
CN VII
CN IX
CN X
CN XI
CN XII
Anterior boundary of the root of the neck:
Manubrium and clavicles
Within the carotid triangle, the external carotid artery gives rise to which five main arteries?
- Superior thyroid artery
- Ascending pharyngeal artery
- Lingual artery
- Facial artery
- Occipital artery
Which vein drains the submental region?
Anterior jugular vein
The middle scalene muscle is innervated by:
C4-C6 ventral rami
These nodes eventually receive all lymphatic drainage from the head and neck either directly or indirectly through regional lymph nodes.
Deep cervical nodes
The posterior triangle of the neck is defined by:
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Trapezius muscle
Clavicle
What is the function of the following muscle?
Splenius capitis
Etends the head when both sides act together
Flexes the neck
Rotates the head toward the ipsilateral side of the contracting muscle
The carotid sinus is innervated by visceral sensory neurons from which cranial nerve?
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
What nerves make up the cervical plexus (C1-C4)?
- Lesser occipital nerve (C2)
- Great auricular nerve (C2-C3)
- Transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3)
- Supraclavicular nerves (C3-C4)
The submental triangle is outlined by:
Midline of the neck
Anterior belly of the digastric muscle
Hyoid bone
What is the function of the following muscle?
Anterior scalene muscle
Elevates the 1st rib when the neck is fixed;
Flexes the neck anteriorly, laterally, and rotates the neck when the 1st rib is fixed
Which nerve ascends along the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and innervates the scalp posterior and superior to the ears?
Lesser occipital nerve (C2)
Which nerve courses over the sternocleidomastoid muscle to innervate the skin over the parotid gland, angle of jaw, and posterior ear?
Great auricular nerve (C2-C3)
Which triangle of the neck contains the following?
- Subclavian artery
- Subclavian vein
- Brachial plexus
Omoclavicular (subclavian) triangle
What are the boundaries of the occipital triangle?
Anterior: Posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid
Posterior: Anterior edge of the trapezius muscle
Inferior: Posterior belly of the omohyoid
Which nerve courses bilaterally and superioly on the lateral surface of the trachea and innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and the mucosa of the infraglottic space?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
The submandibular triangle is outlined by:
Inferior margin of the mandible & posterior belly of the digastric muscle
The stylohyoid muscle
Anterior belly of the digastric muscle
The carotid body is innervated by visceral sensory neurons from which cranial nerves?
CN IX and CN X
From which artery does the superior laryngeal artery branch?
Superior thyroid artery —> External carotid artery
What is the function of the following muscle?
Omohyoid muscle
Depresses the hyoid bone relative to a fixed scapula
Which triangle of the neck contains the following?
- Common carotid artery
- Internal carotid artery
- External carotid artery and several branches
- Internal jugular vein
- Vagus nerve (CN X)
- Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
- Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
- Ansa cervicalis
- Transverse cervical nerve
- Cervical branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)
Cartoid triangle
Inferior boundary of the root of the neck:
Superior thoracic aperture
What is the function of the following muscle?
Posterior scalene muscle
Elevates the 2nd rib when the neck is fixed;
flexes neck anteriorly, laterally, and rotates the neck when the 2nd rib is fixed
What is the function of the following muscle?
Middle scalene muscle
Elevates the 1st rib when the neck is fixed;
Flexes the neck anteriorly, laterally, and rotates the neck when the 1st rib is fixed
What nerve innervates the stylohyoid muscle?
Facial nerve - CN VII
What does the superior thyroid artery supply?
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Which artery branches into a superficial and deep branch around the rhomboid muscles?
Tranverse cervical artery
These lymph nodes lie adjacent to the external jugular vein and drain the ears and the parotid region of the face.
Superficial cervical lymph nodes
Which vein drains the dural venous sinuses?
Internal jugular vein
Which nerves descend obliquely across the posterior triangle of the neck to innervate the skin over the clavicle and superior region of the thorax?
Supraclavicular nerves (C3-C4)
The posterior triangle is divided into what two triangles?
Occipital triangle
Omoclavicular (subclavian) triangle
The posterior scalene muscle is innervated by:
C6-C8 ventral rami
These nodes drain the lower lip, chin, floor of the mouth, tip of the tongue, and lower incisor teeth.
Submental nodes
The anterior boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck:
Posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
What is the function of the following muscle?
Thyrohyoid muscle
Depresses the hyoid bone when the larynx is fixed or elevates the larynx when the hyoid bone is fixed
What is the ansa cervicalis?
A loop of nerves that are part of the cervical plexus. It lies superficial to the internal jugular vein in the carotid triangle.
Branches from the ansa cervicalis innervate most of the infrahyoid muscle, including the sternothyroid muscle, sternohyoid muscle, and the omohyoid muscle.
What is the function of the following muscle?
Sternothyroid muscle
Depresses the laryngeal apparatus when swallowing
Posterior boundary of the root of the neck:
T1 vertebral body and superior margin of the scapula
Which nerve pierces through the belly of the middle scalene muscle and courses across the posterior triangle en route to innervate the levator scapulae and rhomboids?
Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)
What covers the floor of the posterior traingle?
Prevertebral fascia (containing splenius capitis, levator scapulae, posterior scalene, middle scalene, and anterior scalene)
Which triangle of the neck contains the following?
- Submental lymph nodes
- Tributaries of the anterior jugular vein
- Geniohyoid muscle (deep)
Submental triangle
What does the inferior thyroid artery supply?
Inferior poels of the thyroid gland and parathyroid gland
The anterior scalene muscle is innervated by:
C4-C6 ventral rami
Which muscles are supplied by the branches of the transverse cervical artery?
Superficial branch: trapezius muscle
Deep branch: levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles
Which triangle of the neck contains the following?
- Splenius capitis
- Levator scapulae
- Middle scalene
- Posterior scalenes
- Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
- Transverse cervical artery & vein
Occipital triangle (posterior triangle)
The roof of the anterior triangle is formed by:
the deep investing fascia that invelops the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and overlies the pretracheal fascia anteriorly
A penetrating trauma above the clavicles in the root of the neck can cause what injury to the lungs?
Pneumothorax
The inferior limb of the ansa cervicalis originates from which ventral rami?
C2 and C3
The thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct drain into where?
Corresponding junction of internal jugular vein and subclavian vein
Which muscles does the ansa cervicalis innervate?
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
The muscular triangle is outlined by:
Midline of the neck
Superior belly of the omohyoid muscle
Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Which veins are the only tributaries to the subclavian veins?
External jugular veins
The anterior trangle of the neck is further divided into these four smaller triangles:
Submandibular triangle
Submental triangle
Musclar triangle
Carotid triangle
The anterior triangle of the neck is outlined by:
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Inferior border of the mandible
Midline of the neck
What does the inferior thyroid artery supply?
Inferior poles of the thyroid gland
Which duct collects lymph from the lower limbs, pelvis, and perieum?
Thoracic duct (which is on the left side of the body)
The superior limb of the ansa cervicalis originates from which ventral ramus?
C1
Superior boundary of the root of the neck:
C6 spinal level, approximately at the inferior poles of the thyroid gland
Which artery arises from the subclavian artery deep to the anterior scalene muscle on the right side and medial to the muscle on the left side?
Costocervical trunk
These nodes drain the lower face, gingivae, teeth, and tongue.
Submandibular nodes
Located near the mastoid process, these nodes drain the parietal regions of the scalp.
Posterior auricular nodes (mastoid nodes)
What are the boundaries of the omoclavicular (subclavian) triangle?
Anterior: Posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid
Posterior: Posterior belly of the omohyoid muscle
Inferior: Middle 1/3rd of the clavicle
Which vein is the primary vein of the root of the neck?
Subclavian vein
What does the ascending cervical artery supply?
Longus coli muscle
Cervical vertebral bodies
Cervical spinal cord
The ventral rami of the spinal nerves pierce the prevertebral fascia to enter the posterior triangle between which two muscles?
Anterior scalene
Middle scalene
Which muscles cover each of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland?
Sternohyoid muscles
What is the function of the following muscle?
Sternohyoid muscle
Depresses the laryngeal apparatus when swallowing
Which triangle of the neck contains the following?
- Sternohyoid
- Sternothyroid
- Thyrohyoid
- Omohyoid
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
Muscular triangle
Which artery arises as the 1st branch of the subclavian artery in the root of the neck at the T1 vertebral level?
Vertebral artery
Each cervical sympathetic ganglion communicates with the cervical spinal nerves via _____________.
Grey ramus communicans
What are the branches of the costocervical trunk?
Deep cervical artery
Supreme intercostal artery
The vertebral arterty courses through the transverse foramen of which vertebre?
C6-C1
List the 4 arterial branches of the thyrocervical trunk.
Inferior thyroid artery
Ascending cervical artery
Transverse cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
Which triangle of the neck contains the following?
- Submandibular gland
- Submandibular lymph nodes
- Hypoglossal nerve
- Nerve to mylohyoid
- Facial artery
- Facial vein
Submandibular triangle
Which artery gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries, the superior epigastric artery, and the musculophrenic artery?
Internal thoracic artery
Which lymph nodes emerge from the parotid gland and courses superficial to the sternocleidomastoid?
Superficial cervical lymph nodes
The carotid triangle is outlined by:
Anterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Posterior belly of the digastric muscle
Stylohyoid muscle
Superior belly of the omohyoid muscle
