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Trials Flashcards

1
Q

Factors affecting design list:

A

appropriateness, needs, function, life-cycle analysis, aesthetics, finance, obsolescence, environmental consequences, quality, work health and safety, ergonomics

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2
Q

appropriateness

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• Design solution should answer the need/opportunity
• Outcome considers end-use and environment in which it is used
• Must effectively perform the task it was designed to do and acceptable for target market
- E.g. Design for small children need to be durable, non-toxic materials

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3
Q

needs

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• Genuine need  problem experienced by consumers, solved by developing new/improved product
• Needs analysis in depth exploration of the needs/wants of the target market
- Conducted to explore the problem, evaluate existing solutions, examine consumers in target market and determine potential for future development of product

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4
Q

function

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• Ability of product to perform the task for which it was designed
• All products designed to achieve primary function (main purpose for which they are selected by consumer)
• Secondary functions additional features that make a product different and preferred to competition products (point of difference)
- E.g. dishwasher’s primary function is to wash and clean utensils and dinnerware. Consumers make purchase choice based on secondary factors such as energy/water efficiency, quiet operation, capacity or materials

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5
Q

life-cycle analysis

A

• Evaluation of the environmental impact of a product through its life cycle encompassing of all inputs (materials/resources/energy) and outputs (pollution and wastage) from initial concept through design, manufacture, distribution, usage and disposal

• Complete analysis of
environmental impact of the product
- Considers where original materials came from
- What energy was required for production
- What by-products were produced
- How the product was transported (energy for transport, pollution from vehicles)
- How it was used
- How it was disposed when it reached end of useful life (landfill, recycle)
• Cradle-to-cradle analysis designs of product that do not generate waste/landfill when it is no longer functional, but can be recycled or reused
• CRADLE TO CRADLE
• CRADLE TO GRAVE
• Design for disassembly design for products that can easily be disassembled, separated and

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6
Q

aesthetics

A

• Physical appearance of a product and its visual appeal to target market
- Some factors that will determine whether product appeals to customer  age, gender, socio-economic background, current fashion trends
• Often a product’s aesthetic qualities determine its success
• Balance between function and aesthetics when designing

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7
Q

finance

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• Amount of money required to complete all phases of the development of a product
- Including research and development, manufacturing process, product distribution and advertising and marketing costs
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• Designer needs to consider how they will fund design period (need gov support or funding or assistance of entrepreneur)
- May need to consider payback period/how long until product starts to make profit
• Budget for MDP needs to be analysed to

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8
Q

obsolescence

A

• Products considered Obsolete when replaced by new/more attractive product that performs the same function
- Some industries (e.g. computer and fashion) rely on obsolescence to maintain high sales levels, encouraging consumers to buy latest version/style
• Built in obsolescence product designed to fail within a given period of time
- Ensures new technologies are adopted and repeat sales for business
- E.g. creating products that can’t be repaired or replaced, using poor quality finishes that will deteriorate or use low durability materials

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9
Q

environmental consequences

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• Designers have responsibility to seek sustainable alternatives to non-renewable resources to preserve our natural resources for future generations
• Short-term consequences
- Minimised by making informed choices on resources and production of wastage and pollution
- Sustainable choices may increase overall cost of product
• Long-term consequences
- Global warming resulting from greenhouse effect, rising sea levels, loss of biodiversity
- Sustainability using only what is necessary

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10
Q

quality

A

• Measure of excellence, closely linked to durability (high quality product expected to perform well for long time)
• Superior materials and finishes are another indicator of quality  both may contribute to final cost of product
- May be result of manufacturing process and workmanship

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11
Q

work health and safety

A

• Rights and responsibilities of employers to employees in workplace
• Employees have right to safe and healthy work environment and responsibility to adhere to safety procedures put in place by employer
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• Work Health and Safety Act 2011 – designed to provide greater consistency and make it easier to understand work health and safety duties
• Work Cover – government regulatory body responsible for workplace safety
• Designers should consider safety of those involved in manufacturing and ensure materials and processes do not harm workers
- Must also consider safety of consumer when using product
- Safety testing should be carried out on prototypes and modifications made if there is chance of harm

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12
Q

ergonomics

A

• Relationship between the human user and their physical or work environment
• Aims to ensure that workplaces, products and systems fit the people who use them
- Looks at different ways in which people interact with product/system
• Also aims to develop comfortable, safe product or work environment
• Failure to consider ergonomics  could result in product that causes pain/injury to user

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13
Q

Examples of success of failure in design

A
  • Design failures  products that have failed to make money for the designer OR may not have performed as desired
  • Although failure is an unavoidable part of the design process we must work through and resolve as a product is refined and developed – allowing failure to be evident in the finished product must be avoided at all costs
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14
Q

reasons for failures

A
  • Insufficient market research can result in poor assessment of the market’s needs. Designers need to know what consumers want and be sure that competitors are not already meeting those needs more effectively
  • Insufficient testing. Research, testing and design ensure the end product is reliable and fit for purpose
  • Lack of a suitable market. Sometimes the market is flooded with similar products. Careful market segmentation and target marketing techniques ensure information about a new product reaches the right market for the product.
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15
Q

reasons for success

A
  • By examining the work of successful designers, we can identify factors that can be applied to the design and construction of the MDP.
  • Analysing products that have been deemed a failure allow us to avoid repeating mistakes of previous designers
  • Design successes are the products, systems and environments that assist society’s continuing development and growth
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16
Q

designers at work

A
  • flexibility and the ability to responde to new and emerging materials, processes and technologies –> crossing the boundaries of traditional design to work in a diverse range of materials, producing designs beyond the scope of original training
  • conduct extensive research and testing to learn about most appropriate tools, materials and techniques –. learn about successful methods through examining the processes of otehrs
  • conducting interviews with practising designers who work in a similar context
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17
Q

design process intro

A
  • cyclical process (continuous process where particular states repeat) - continues until both designer and client are satisfied
  • continuous evaluation –> management tool to ensure staying on track - judging progress of work by the criteria for success
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18
Q

design process stages

A
  • Analysis: identification of the need or opportunity (analysis of the problem, development of design brief)
  • Investigation: initial research and consultation to establish constraints and generate ideas
  • Ideas and possible solutions: development of a range of ideas
  • Research and testing: relevant research and testing, including design solution testing and prototyping
  • Modification and refinement: development of the design - modifications in response to research and testing
  • realisation: production of final design
  • evaluation: ongoing throughout design and construction
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19
Q

Trends: Intro

A

Keeping up with trends will ensure that designs meet the market’s needs
Include: social, cultural, global, political, economic and environmental

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20
Q

Trends: Social

A

Multiculturalism:
- trend to cater for our multicultural society: e.g. instructions written in many languages / in graphical form, uniforms that adhere to cultural requirements

Social class
- implication of socioeconomic status is the amount of disposable income and individual has –> people in higher socio-economic groups have more funds to allocate to non-essential and luxury items

Egalitarianism

  • principle of equal rights and opportunities
  • minority groups must be catered for - impact of products, systems and environments should be assessed to ensure no marginlisatoin

Globalisatoin:

  • ongoing process of integrating economies, societies and cultures through global networks
  • global reach of internet –> designers are in competition with foreign enterprise

Social conscience:
- values: to individual’s and society’s sense of right and wrong –> ethics

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21
Q

Trends: Political

A
  • governmental agencies and laws influence design and production, operating to protect consumers and manufacturers
  • Australia: laws operate on local, state and federal levels
  • government funding: there should be more funding available for environmentally friendly designs (in the context of global warming)

Commonwealth Trade Practises Act (1974)

  • protects Australian consumers in a range of areas (pricing, product safety)
  • prohibits unfair, misleading or deceptive commercial behaviour
  • quality standards
  • supports the rights of consumers to seek compensation from injury resulting from defective goods
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22
Q

Trends: economic

A

The state of the economy: in surplus or recession, impacts sales, design and production

Surplus: people are willing to spend money on non-essential items
Recession: less public confidence and more reluctance

Higher costs of wages, land and insurance in Australia, many companies produce offshore - ethical concerns

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23
Q

Trends: environmental

A

The trend to be green has impacted on design and production. It is important to produce products that are ecologically sustainable.
Every product, system and environment leave an environmental footprint at some stage in its life cycle. Designers must consider the short-term and long-term effects
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that their product, system or environment design will have on the environment – it may have detrimental impacts.
It is essential to do a lifecycle analysis – to be sustainable, designers need to be thinking cradle-to-cradle
Two major environmental concerns are:
- Pollution: the level of air, water and land pollution created in the production and use of a product
- Use of materials: the use of raw materials, whether they are renewable, scarce of non-renewable resource. Wastage is an issue.

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24
Q

Historical and Cultural influences on designing and producing list

A
  • changing social trends
  • cultural diversity
  • changing nature of work
  • technological change
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25
Q

CHANGING SOCIAL TRENDS: Historical and Cultural influences on designing and producing

A

The way we conduct our day-to-day lives changes significantly over time. With these shifts comes opportunities to create and design and ideas to suit new situations
- E.g. advancements in communication technologies have enabled people to work from home (telecommuting), and some people adopt part-time work as a lifestyle choice. These changes in the social fabric of society has led to design opportunities.

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26
Q

CULTURAL DIVERSITY: Historical and Cultural influences

A

Culture may be regarded as a set of spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of a social group or society and encompasses the arts, literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions, and beliefs of these people.
Cultural rights are part of human rights and provide people the right to participate in the cultural life of their choice.
- E.g. the cultural diversity of Australia has resulted in various products based on specific needs of ethnic communities. These cultures influence fashion and food, art and curriculum.

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27
Q

THE CHANGING NATURE OF WORK: Historical and Culturla

A

Changes include workplace relations, technological advancements and an increase in the percentage of women in the workplace.
- E.g. computerisation in the workplace has meant changes in the nature of available work. The use of computers has meant the loss of jobs, such as robots replacing humans on the assembly line. At the same time, there has been an increase in employment in the ICT industries

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28
Q

TECHNOLOGICAL: Historical and Cultural

A

Technological change does not only impact on production, but the ways in which designers work.

  1. Assembly line manufacturing allows designers to increase production output. The digital revolution further increased output and decreased the cost and time of production
  2. ICT permits working from home or other locations. They allow constant communication between colleagues, even if they are far apart
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29
Q

Ethical issues: List / Overview

A

• Defined as doing right or wrong based on one’s personal values, customs, beliefs
- Number of ethical issues related to design and innovation
- Include protection of intellectual property (patents, copyrights, plagiarism), right and responsibilities of the designer, impact of design on Australian society and the environment
- Our values and morals may be questioned over the potential of innovations
• As environmentally aware consumers, we may choose products that are promoted as ‘green’ but not all other factors are considered
• Steady move towards making industries more accountable for actions, decisions, production methods, working conditions and treatment of employees
- Businesses held morally and ethically responsible for health and safety of employees as well as wider community
- Law enforces safe working conditions and systems of work
- Designers must account for the health and safety of the end-user

INCLUDES:

  • a designer’s responsibility
  • intellectual property rights
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30
Q

Ethics: a designers responsibility

A

• Designers should operate with a sense of responsibility towards individuals, society and the environment – designers have legal and ethical responsibilities including:

  • Working within customers’ deadlines, budget constraints and quality expectations
  • Ensuring foods are priced reasonably and of good quality
  • Avoiding any conflict of interest and maintaining client confidentiality
  • Rejecting all forms of plagiarism
  • Considering social and cultural implications of their work
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31
Q

Intellectual property rights

A

• Organisations and legislations protect safety and rights of the designer
• Registered designs some designs are formally registered – protecting the visual appearance (shape, configuration, pattern, decoration but not actual workings)
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• Patents is a legal right granted to protect a device, substance, method or process – gives owner legal right to promote product for commercial gain
• Copyright protection is free and granted for original works of art, music, films, broadcasts, literature – license must then be obtained to perform, copy, broadcast, adapt, publish that work in public
• Registered trademark provides the legal right to use, license or sell a particular item or service – used by manufacturer to differentiate its product from those of competitors

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32
Q

Ethical and Environmental Issues

A

Many industries and employers readily adopt green technologies and take advantage of government assistance and subsidies to do so
- Environment Protection Authority (EPA) requires all industries to take reasonable steps to preserve and protect the environment and habitats and to recycle waste
- ‘Waste less, recycle more’ is the largest waste and recycling funding program in Australia – designed to stimulate investment in infrastructure to meet ambitious recycling, illegal dumping and littering targets
• Global warming  caused by an increase in greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere
- Governments, industry and communities now recognise the necessity of reducing the level of greenhouse gases caused by human activity – particularly by the burning of fossil fuels and land clearing
• Pollution levels  Pollution includes water, soil, air and noise pollution
- Water pollution occurs where run-off and waste from production plants are pumped into the water system, thus impacting on the life forms in the waterways
- Soil pollution occurs when toxic waste seeps into the soil, thus making the area contaminated and unproductive
- Land pollution/landfill – often the result of packaging or single-use products that do not easily biodegrade, such as plastics
• It is the manufacturer’s responsibility to ensure that noise restrictions in particular areas are abided by and that workers use correct protective equipment.

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33
Q

Impact on Society

A

• Design has impact on economy, safety, wellbeing and community/cultural spaces  good design can bring enormous social benefits and reduce costs to finance and health
• Designers should complete an in-depth assessment of their PSE- may reveal the kind of impact on society a design will have and ensure that it is a positive rather than negative one
- Life-cycle analysis is critical as the impact of each materials, tool and technique on the environment and society cannot be overlooked

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34
Q

Sustainable Technologies

A

• Use design process to produce a final design that is socially, economically and environmentally sustainable
- Sustainable design is common among modern designers who seek to reduce their impact on the environment and use technologies that can be produced and maintained without exhausting other resources – e.g. energy
• It is important that research and development is conducted to devise alternative sources of energy to fossil fuels for future generations
• Sustainable energy sources
- Solar power: Convert energy from sunlight intro direct current electricity
- Biofuel: The only renewable energy source that is able to store solar energy
- Energy from hot rock: Australia has a great source of geothermal energy, derived from well below the Earth’s surface
- Energy from water: Energy can be harnessed from flowing water, it is called hydroelectricity. Water can be a scarce resource, but it is renewable because it is constantly replenished through the process of the hydrological cycle
- Wind power: Wind turbines are used to convert wind energy into a form of energy such as electricity. It is one supported by the government because it is plentiful, renewable, clean and there are no greenhouse gas emissions

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35
Q

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SUCCESS OF FAILURE OVERVIEW

A

Timing,

Available and Emerging Technologies,

Historical and Cultural, Political, Economic and Legal Factors,

Marketing Strategies

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36
Q

Timing: FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SUCCESS OF FAILURE

A

Manufacturers and retailers may wish to stimulate demand for a new product, which they will often do through effective marketing. Innovators should also respond to consumer trends to ensure success.

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37
Q

Available and Emerging Technologies: FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SUCCESS OF FAILURE OVERVIEW

A

The development of new technologies enables new products to be pushed into the marketplace. New technologies will enable a designer to improve on existing product that has already been accepted in the marketplace. (GPS)

  • CRITICAL technologies are used to develop products
  • ENABLING technologies are those needed to use critical technologies
  • STRATEGIC technologies are emerging technologies that are crucial to further development and new products – they become critical technologies in the future
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38
Q

Historical and Cultural, Political, Economic and Legal Factors; FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SUCCESS OF FAILURE OVERVIEW

A

Historical and cultural factors: The innovator must consider the historical and cultural environment – the beliefs, values and behaviours of the consumers who form the target market

Political factors: Governments can also influence the success or failure of innovation. The government plays a significant role in trade agreements and policies. Government support is provided for the development of water-saving designs that respond to the environmental concerns of the time

Economic factors: A growing economy can be good for designers of new products, as consumers are more willing to spend money and try new ideas. A slowing economy may also affect innovation, as products must become more efficient.

Legal factors: The governments of Australia legislate to protect the rights of workers and consumers. The Australian Tax Office, trade agreements and the ACCC are three examples of government-led impacts on product
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development. Standards Australia sets the standards for new and existing products. Innovators must meet these standards.

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39
Q

Marketing Strategies; FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SUCCESS OF FAILURE OVERVIEW

A

A product’s marketing strategy can impact on the success of an innovation. To be commercially successful, a product must satisfy consumer demands. The marketing strategy explains how a business plans to market a product. It involves evaluating the market environment, determining the demand, making decisions about supply of the product and setting achievable goals. The elements of marketing are often described as:
- People: potential customers
- Product: aesthetics, function and special features
- Price: setting the price at an appropriate level
- Promotion: advertising the product through a number of media
Packaging: providing information, protection and presentation of the product
An innovative design will not only be aesthetically pleasing but will also function better than its precursors and bring benefits to the economy and culture into which it emerges. The innovator will be looking for a point of difference for their product.
• Innovations are changes or improvements to existing product design and manufacturing processes
- Innovative designers are involved in change and the creation of opportunities to bring about change in order to improve our quality of life
- Today, knowledge has replaced land, labour and finance as the most important resource for economic development
- Efficiency and effectiveness to enhance quality of life

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40
Q

AGENCIES THAT INFLUENCE INNOVATION: OVERVIEW

A

There are many agencies that impact on innovation, the innovator needs to be aware of those that will:

  • Protect their designs
  • Provide assistance in the development of the innovation
  • Regulate design and production

THESE INCLUDE:
Standards Australia
IP Australia
Small Business Council
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
Australian Securities and Investments Commission
Australian Centre for Innovation and International Competetiveness

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41
Q

AGENCIES THAT INFLUENCE INNOVATION: INFORMATION

A

Standards Australia
- Standards Australia is recognised for its role in maintaining standards and setting benchmarks for industry, government and the Australian community. If an innovation meets these standards, it is more likely to promote consumer confidence, global competitiveness and also financial support from investors.

IP Australia
- It is important that designers protect their intellectual property. Inventions, trademarks, original designs or practical applications of ideas all need to
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be legally protected, as intellectual developments are often the edge that sets successful companies apart from their less innovative competitors.

Small Business Council
- In 2003, the Australian Government established the Small Business Council (SBC) to advise on the broad range of issues that impact on small businesses.

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
- The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is an independent authority that administers the Trade Practices Act 1974. It works to protect consumer and business rights while also monitoring industry regulations, pricing and unauthorised anti-competitive behaviour.

Australian Securities and Investments Commission
- The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) regulates financial services, ensuring that trading is fair and ethical.

Australian Centre for Innovation and International Competitiveness (Information support)
- The Australian Centre for Innovation and International Competitiveness (ACIIC) addresses a broad range of issues related to the development of effective strategies and policies in science, technology and innovation in the public and private sectors.

42
Q

ENTREPRENEURIAL INFLUENCE ON DESIGN AND INNOVATION

A

Entrepreneurial activity  concerned with the creation, evaluation and exploitation of ideas – making good ideas into a commercial success
- It involves recognising those ideas that have potential for a successful commercial venture and the ability to take those ideas through to the creation of a successful product
- Entrepreneurs are usually: passionate about their work, problem solvers, innovative with technologies, prepared to persevere, visionary, good managers of finance, time and people, creative, energetic, optimistic, ethical
Characteristics of an Entrepreneur
- Problem solver
- Risk taker
- Flexible
- Creative
- Ethical
- Critically analyse successful innovations

43
Q

Intellectual Property Protection

A

Intellectual property (IP) refers to a range of different, legally enforceable rights that arise from the productive new ideas you create.

Before applying for a design right, it is important to understand: the difference between IP rights, where they overlap, how they relate to a product or business

Types: Patents, Trademarks, Copyrights

44
Q

Intellectual Property Protection : Patents

A

PATENTS: a patent protects any device, substance, method or process that is new, inventive and useful.

Designed to cover: computer-related inventions (software), business methods (Amazon 1 click shopping), biological inventions (GMOS), micro-organisms

It is legally enforceable and gives you exclusive rights to your invention for the life of the patent

  • STANDARD PATENT provides long term protection and control for up to 20 years
  • INNOVATION PATENT protects your invention for up to eight year

Overlapping with designrights:

  • may use a patent to protect how their product works, design right for its visual appearance
  • important to apply these at the same time because your product should be a secret when applying for these
45
Q

Intellectual Property Protection : Trademarks

A

TRADEMARKS: a way of identifying a unique product or service. It can protect a letter, number, unique symbol, word, logo, sound or image. it provides you with exclusive rights to use, license and sell the mark. Thus, no one else in Australia can use the trademark for the same goods/services it has been registered for

Trademarks can protect shape, colour and branding on products. They identify your brand and dinstinguish your goods or services - whereas design rights protect overall visual appearance.

Aus trademarks can be ongoing if renewed, whereas design rights have a max life span of 10 years

46
Q

Intellectual Property Protection : Copyright

A

COPYRIGHT: automatically protects the expression of an idea as soon as it is documented –> the way an idea or information is communicated, such as writing, music, visual images, moving images etc.

copyright generally protects artistic works: books, films, music and sound recordings, newspapers, artwork

PROTECTS DESIGNS NOT YET PRODUCED ON A COMMERCIAL SCALE
while IP administers design rights, they do not administer copyright

YOU WILL LOSE COPYRIGHT PROTECTION:

  • if you industrially apply and make copies of your design (50+ copies = industrially applied)
  • if you register a design right
47
Q

Creativity in Design

A

• Creativity developing solutions to challenge/enhance quality of life with techniques and resources
- Changing the way something is done
- Critical analysis of successful innovation helps understand quality, innovation and creativity
• Innovation building upon others’ ideas and designs to change/make something better

48
Q

Demonstrating Creativity

A

• Design processes
- Successful designers work systematically and intuitively
- Follow guidelines set by syllabus/marking guidelines
- Reflect on processes used by designers
• Developing ideas
- Sketches show evolution of your thoughts, annotation provides evidence of the development of ideas
- Discussing ideas/collaboration is useful

49
Q

Critically Analysing Innovation

A

Successful innovator will consider a number of factors as he or she develops a design and takes it through to production. You can learn from the work of other designers and may like to consider some of the factors listed below as you work through the development and realisation of your project.
• Search for inspiration.
• Document all ideas.
• Develop a vision for your design idea.
• Consider both aesthetics and function.
• Check the market potential.
• Research the characteristics of your target consumer.
• Investigate competing products. You want to have the edge over other products.
• Collaborate. Share with others. Listen to advice but be strong in your own ideas and
challenge criticism.
• Model and test your designs.
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• Detail the requirements for production. Identify all parameters.
• Consider resources – both availability and environmental impact.
• Check and confirm costs.
• Identify a quality-assurance system.
• Make a prototype, evaluate and modify it.

Critical analysis of successful innovation will assist you to understand such concepts as quality, innovation and creativity. In your major design project, you must provide evidence of creativity, ensuring that your project stands out from the others.

50
Q

Quality Innovation and Creativity

A

• Setting quality for product may involve meeting specifications, ensuring fit for purpose, aim for zero defects and use correct techniques
• Quality for customers will include customer satisfaction, exceeding the customer’s expectations and pleasing the customer
- Quality control techniques used when inspecting for quality and detecting faults during production
- Quality assurance planned procedures to ensure product meets quality standards
• Plan strategies to ensure quality for MDP
- Should be documented in production plan, show expectations and when/how you intend to check and assess quality

51
Q

MDP Proposal Outline

A

Identification and Exploration of a Need

Needs analysis

Areas of Investigation

Parameters of Design

Criteria to Evaluate Success

52
Q

MDP Proposal In depth

A

Need is often consumer-driven  Designer responding to the demands of the target market
• Opportunity may be designer-driven  Designer creating products that will be desirable to consumers
• Many innovative products are result of design modifications enabled by technology advancements, materials, tools, creativity
• As you develop ideas you will cover:
- Identifying a problem or recognising an opportunity
- Establishing a need from that problem
- Exploring different areas of that need

Needs Analysis
• Ensure product being developed is in direct response to what target market desires
• Will help you find a gap in market and learn about what your intended project must be able to do to meet needs/wants of target market
• Important to carry out initial research
- Surveys of potential end-users
- Observation of consumer behaviour
- Discussion with focus groups
- Exploration of range of similar products available
• Needs analysis will assist in developing design proposal
- Form of design brief
- Broadly outlines what you aim to design and construct and clearly identifies target market the project is aimed at

Areas of Investigation
1. What  Make a list of everything you need to find out about. Keeping it relevant to design/development of MDP
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2. How  Use books, magazines, professional journals, internet, talk to experts. Using primary and secondary research. Use multiple forms of communication to record findings
3. Why  How will finding out about it impact on success of MDP, how will it help during development. What would be result of not investigating this factor
• Need to investigate all possibilities that may impact both positively and negatively on success of MDP
• To provide direction for future action
• How to show that investigation has been helpful in leading you in right direction

Parameters of Design
• Constraints/restraints designer must adhere to
• Following parameters and limitations they might impose e.g. time, cost, skills, materials, tools, techniques, size

Criteria to evaluate success
• Gives opportunity to explain what MDP must do and how it must look to be considered successful
- Allow you to set goals you wish to attain
- Allows markers to understand what you set out to achieve
- Provides standard against which success can be measured
• Constantly refer back to criteria
- Must be written in positive, achievable terms and are evident in finished product
- Need to be able to prove you have achieved each criteria

53
Q

MDP Experimentation and Research Outline

A

• Occurs throughout design and development of MDP
- Can be formal scientific investigation
- Or informal observations and discussions
• Only conduct research/experimentation that is relevant
• Show design inspiration, findings, design development
- Show how what you have found impacts development of design
• Research can be obtained from variety of sources
- Internet (should be checked for authenticity and reliability)
- Journals/magazines (reliable sources)
- Interview and observation

Primary Research
Secondary Research
Testing and Experimentation
Responding to Findings of Research and Testing
Application of Computer Based Technologies
Communication

54
Q

MDP Experimentation and Research In depth

A

Primary Research
• Interacting with potential consumers, existing products, manufacturers to collect first-hand evidence
- Identifying target market through observation/survey
- Look at existing products and conducting gap analysis to identify areas of improvement
- Conducting surveys, interviews, questionnaires
• Evaluate findings of primary research and explain impact

Secondary research
• Drawing on findings of others using established information
- Use statistical data e.g. census
- Read research articles/technical journals

Testing and experimentation
• Establish tests considering how and where it is used, who will use it
• Experiments should be written with headings (Aim, Method, Result, Conclusion)
• Show evidence of results (photographic/physical material)
• Also include models and prototypes
- 3D communications are evidence of design development and should reflect design modification in response to findings in research/testing

Responding to findings of research and testing
• To demonstrate results of research and testing has been incorporated:
- Show ongoing design development
- Use sketches to demonstrate how you have incorporated findings from research/testing by showing changes, sketching possible options and annotating and evaluating
- Analyse and evaluate results of test and apply to MDP
- If conduct survey, graph results and analyse findings
- Create final design drawing

Application of computer-based technologies
Designers heavily reliant on computer-based technologies, allows to work flexibly and efficiently
• Modelling
- Make predictions about costs or material changes to project
- Able to represent different scenarios and analyse results
- Used in decision making process
- E.g. using 3D modelling software generate graphic of design. Unlike hand drawn, it can be rotated and viewed from different angles
25
- CAD develops design concept to move and reproduce movement of real product
- Helps designer and client to visualise end product in 3D form
• Research
- Electronic resources provide wider, up to date range of references
- E.g. get statistics, examine other designers, data about materials, current research articles, databases, communicate with designers, blogs and podcasts
• Simulation
- Imitation of a real-world situation
- Informs decision making and improves quality of final design
- Can representing key characteristics or features of a design
- Also simulate environment in which that product/system is used
- Provide visual experience of final design (for clients and for testing purposes)
- Can be used to test both function and aesthetic aspects
• Graphics
- 2D and 3D graphics are essential to designer who needs to simulate and present designs

Communication
• Designers use information and communication technologies (ICTs) to send/receive information that relates to their work
• ICTs allow interaction through wirelessly connected computers e.g. digital whiteboards, smartphones, laptops
• Voice over internet protocol (VOIP) and video conferencing replace traditional forms of communication
• Overcome previous challenges e.g. distance and time, and inexpensive to run

55
Q

SAFE WORKING PRACTISES

A

Safety:
• Work Health and Safety Act 2011  designers are now even more responsible for the PSE they create
- Must consider safety as a prime need in any process they undertake and as a result of any action they perform
- Everything from the selection of materials to be used, manufacturing methods to be undertaken, intended purposes and use of the MDP through to the end of life or new life of the project, waste and energy must be considered
• As a designer, your own personal safety and the safety of those who execute your designs will require careful consideration and planning
- There are often safety issues to be considered regarding the materials you have selected, working with the materials and even machining the materials in a safe manner.

56
Q

Responsible Practises

A

Ethical issues
• Ethics refers to the standards of conduct that indicate how people ought to behave, based on a set of values and principles
• As designers, the core value of our ethical code of practice is responsibility – responsibility to the consumer, to the environment, to society, to the manufacturer and to other designers
• Using environmentally friendly materials and processes is also an ethical issue
• When making choices about the resources we are considering, we are making ethical decisions.
- What are my opinions?
- What are the consequences of my decision?
- How does my decision impact others?
- Will my choice support ay unethical practice?
As a responsible designer, you can consider the different tools and materials you purchase. Buying Australian-made products is one-way consumers can support the nation. Buying Australian-made products not only supports local industries and jobs,
27
and also reduces the air pollution and greenhouse pollution involved in transportation methods.
Environmental issues
Materials that are known to be detrimental to the environment should be avoided.
- Is there safer alternative for the materials, size, shape and operation?
- What will happen after the project’s life cycle is complete?
- How will the various parts be disposed of? (think cradle-to-cradle)
- Sustainability is usually expressed in environmental or scientific terms, but it is also a social challenge that involves ethical decision making on the part of governments, industries and individuals

57
Q

Ongoing Evaluation

A
  • Ongoing evaluation is essential to ensure you stay on track and produce the best possible outcome to meet the need or opportunity you identified.
  • Ongoing evaluation throughout all stages of design process, allows designer to reflect on process and modify management, tools, materials and techniques according to successes and failures
58
Q

The Impact of the MDP: Individual, Society and Environment

A

Individual
The impact on the target market should be examined
- Does the product improve the quality of life?
- Does it make life easier?
- Does it make the consumer happier?
- Does it affect the consumers health or wellbeing?
- Does it impact on self-esteem or self-worth?
The impact on the designer should also be examined
- Did you learn new skills?
- Has the MDP increased your awareness of issues such as growing consumerism and negative impacts on the environment?
- Will you be able to apply the skills learned to future life situations?

Society
Society may be viewed as a body of individuals living together as a community. Within that group may be numerous subsets based on cultural background, religious beliefs, socio-economic factors etc.
When examining the positive and negative impacts of the MDP, consider:
- Improved cohesiveness and developing greater community pride and spirit
29
- Factors that may reduce the burden on infrastructure, such as hospitals and the health care system
- Anything that may cause offence to any group within the community
- The ability to make members of the community feel safer/ free from harm
- Whether it could lead to employment opportunities

Environment
The environment may be viewed as both out natural and manufactured surroundings. We impact the environment continually, taking what nature produces and returning waste in air and water pollution and landfill.
A life-cycle analysis is important.
Examine the impact on the physical environment by considering all inputs and outputs, but do not ignore the impact on environmental usage.

59
Q

Action Planning

A

• Begin with overview listing major steps that will take place as you develop your project
• As project develops, refine action plan to show acquisition of knowledge/understanding gained from research and testing
• Using SWOT analysis to recognise personal strengths and weaknesses and well as aware of opportunities and threats
- Can help us recognise our personal strengths and weaknesses as well as make us aware of opportunities and threats that may impact on the successful management of a project
- Considering all factors that could have an impact, either positive or negative, on the successful completion of the MDP allows us to think about options, make the most of what is available and be prepared if things go wrong

60
Q

Time Planning / Finance Plan

A

• Time action plan should be working document showing refinement and modification as problems are encountered
- Many designers and project managers use a Gantt chart to show the sequence of actions against an established time scale
- Allow quick comparison of the time allocated to tasks and the proportion of the entire project dedicated to different steps
• Finance plan  may impact on process and material choices as well as the time the designer spends on design development
- A budget or recommended amount of money to be spent on the project should be established in the early stages of the project and adhered to throughout the development and realisation phases

61
Q

Research Methods

A

• Spend time carefully identifying need and following stages of design process  more likely to end up with successful project
- Important for a designer to use as many research methods as possible to gather information
• Need to analyse and justify the information gathered to use relevant information to inform decision making
- Criteria to justify design choice (e.g. considering materials for garment)  refer pos and neg aspects of decision

62
Q

Industrial and Commercial Practises:

Collaboration in Design

A

COLLABORATION IN DESIGN
• Sharing of ideas and expertise is a positive aspect of teamwork  companies will have groups to ensure cooperation and collaboration
- E.g. graphic designers, specialists to design, production team, marketing team in one company
- Designers may consult with other designers or colleagues to gain inspiration or research ideas
- Electronic communication has enhanced concept of team design, with people from across the globe collaborating on projects
• Collaboration leads for better result for client

63
Q

Industrial and Commercial Practises:

Implementing Safe Working Practices

A

IMPLEMENTING SAFE WORKING PRACTICES
• Safety needs to be considered and addressed at all stages of design process
• Safety of a design to be considered from range of viewpoints e.g.
- Ethical, moral, professional perspectives
- Legal responsibilities
- Environmental issues
- Production and disposal concerns
• Recent changes in safety laws and improvements in attitudes brought about changes in expectations places on designers who produce/sell goods to public
- Places a responsibility to be aware of safety aspects of their design in all phases of its life cycle, from design through manufacture and use to disposal
• The health and safety laws  the WHS laws are policed by WorkCover NSW
- WorkCover responds to complaints, investigates accidents or near misses and, if necessary, issues compliance orders for repair or shutdown of dangerous workplaces, and issues fines for breaches of the Work Health and Safety Act
- Another part of WorkCover’s role is the administration of workers’ compensation and rehabilitation, and coordination of testing and accreditation for dangerous operations such as using explosives or operating heavy machinery
• The Work Health and Safety Act 2011 encourages workplaces to engage in consultation as a means of improving safety and avoiding potential health and safety problems. Their role is to:
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- develop WHS and related policies
- establish a hazard identification and workplace assessment strategy
- develop and implement risk-control procedures
- set up a consultation mechanism
- carry out workplace inspections.

64
Q

Industrial and Commercial Practises:

Hazard Reduction and Risk Assessment

A

Hazard reduction and risk assessment
• Hazard is anything that can potentially cause harm or loss. WorkCover categorises hazards as:
- physical (noise, machinery, working at heights etc.)
- chemical (inhalation, skin contact with chemicals, swallowing chemicals)
- biological (infections, bacteria from plant and animal matter, biological waste)
- mechanical/ electrical (electrocution, crush injuries from medical plant)
- radiation (UV light, lasers, welding)
- psychological (human behaviour, violence, traumatic stress)
• Legal requirement for employers to identify hazards, assess risks and eliminate/control risks to health and safety at work
- If a hazard is found, a judgement must be made about how dangerous it is: how seriously someone could be affected and how likely this is to happen  called risk assessment

65
Q

Emerging Technologies

A

• Important for designers to carefully consider any potential consequences of any materials, tool or technique that is introduced into designs

  • DDT – an effective pesticide, led to birth defects, effects on the nervous system and increases in cancer rates
  • Asbestos – widely used in building materials as an insulating material, affects the respiratory system and can lead to death by asbestosis and lung cancer
  • These products were still produced long after dangers were known, and little attempt was made to protect workers or consumers until serious legal and financial threats made
  • Biofuels are an emerging technology that is having an environmental impact. In order to lessen its ecological footprint, Qantas used biofuels successfully on a flight from Sydney to Adelaide.

Impact of emerging technologies on innovation
• Innovation using an existing materials or technology for a completely different purpose or to develop a new material or technology
- Strong link between emerging technologies and innovation
- New types of technology play an important part in process of innovation
- Often, we benefit from innovations where an existing technology is used in a new way
- The adaptation of common AA rechargeable NiMH batteries to produce fuel cells that power electric vehicles is a strong example of how existing technology might be used in a new way.

66
Q

Design and Production Processes: Domestic settings

A
  • Small-scale production
  • Take place in home/small factory sold at local markets or produced to meet specific client orders
  • Simple manufacturing techniques to keep cost low
  • Basic tools and machines
67
Q

Design and Production Processes: Community Settings

A

Community settings

  • Small community/interest group that develops company for local people or interested parties in community
  • Scale of production varies according to needs of community
  • Seeks to provide service/product for community, such as creation of jobs
  • Rural/regional centres frequently engage in such productions
  • E.g. community gardens offering locals opportunity to grow and harvest own produce (aim to not only have fresh produce but cut down on carbon used to transport food from farm to consumers)
68
Q

Design and Production Processes: Industrial and Commercial

A

Industrial and commercial settings

  • Produce large scale goods
  • Large number of people in production process and variety of manufacturing techniques as they have access to large scale machinery and tools
  • Products are more economically viable to manufacture, given large scale
  • Industry has more funds to afford more sophisticated manufacturing processes, support heavier production costs
69
Q

Design and Production Processes: Technology used in production processes

A

Technology used in production processes
- Machinery allows for efficient and effective production
- CAD produces a 3D prototype, achieved by linking designs to CAM
- Prototype allows designer to see product before sent to production
- Computer-aided manufacturing
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o Use computers to control machinery in workshop
o Computer program drives machinery, is easy to control and change than mechanical device
o CAM is more flexible and able to produce wider range of goods and improve efficiency
o Will work with computer aided design CAD
o Speed with machinery can be altered to produce different goods
o Able to produce large quantity of products in single run
o Quick, low-cost alternative

70
Q

Benefits of using technology in design and production

A
  • Information (e.g. supplier client records, financial records, time and action plan) is readily accessible and storage simplified
  • Communication developments break down distance and time barriers, 24-hour contact between designers and clients
  • Evolved idea development and refinement process - more detailed and accurate, wider range of materials and colours introduced without redrawing designs, ideas shown in 3D. Modifications made before production, reducing costly errors. CAD allows designs sent straight to production
  • Communication technologies save research time. Tools/materials can be purchased from office.
  • New styles of marketing e.g. viral marketing using SMS and email marketing using customer data
  • Flexible work environments, more freedom to work from home, information is portable
  • Production processes also benefited. CAD and CAM ensure error-free designs for production. Measurements from CAD drawings are accurate
  • Introduction and enhancement of assembly lime – faster and larger volume pro
71
Q

Negative impacts of technology in design and production

A
  • Technology is expensive – small companies disadvantages as large corporations have more funds
  • Low/unskilled workers replaced with machinery. Unemployment crippling for individual or entire community
  • Significant maintenance and repair costs of machinery
  • Pollution caused by large factories detrimental impact on environment. Large-scale use of non-renewable resources is unsustainable
  • Extended use of electronic communication lead to social isolation
72
Q

CAD

A

Computer Aided Design:

An automated system for design, drafting and display of graphic information

73
Q

CAM

A

Computed Aiding Manufacturing: Computer program that makes manufacturing data from CAD drawings to automate the manufacture of a product by computer-controlled machine

74
Q

Cradle to Cradle

A

Design of products that don’t generate waste or landfill at the end of their usual life but can be used + recycled into new products

75
Q

Ergonomics

A

Science of designing machines, products and systems to maximise safety, comfort and efficiency of people who use them

76
Q

Finance Plans

A

Detailed report of resources used in a project with costs applied

77
Q

Innovation

A

Using existing material or tech for a completely different purpose or to develop new material or tech

78
Q

Prototype

A

Preliminary version of product or design from which other versions are developed

79
Q

Sustainability

A

Causing little or no damage to the environment or not using finite resources

80
Q

Autocratic

A

Management makes all decisions -> design team just follows instructions (robots)

81
Q

Democratic

A

The team is asked to provide their opinions and they are taken into consideration by the leader before the final design is made

82
Q

Collegial

A

Everyone is involved in the same decision-making process (everyone is equal)

83
Q

Cognitive Organiser

A 
Visual tools that assist learners to represent facts, ideas, concepts and the connections between them
EXAMPLES
- PMI
- Brainstorming
- Mind map
38
- Concept board
84
Q

Demographic

A

Section of the population grouped according to common characteristics such as age, income, gender

85
Q

Durability

A

Ability of a product to repeatedly perform its designed function for an acceptable period of time without failure

86
Q

Dynamic

A

Able to adjust and change in response to chagnes

87
Q

Australian Standard

A

Detailed technical documents developed by Standards Australia to ensure quality and common understanding

88
Q

Control measures

A

A set of guidelines or rules to maintain certain standards and consistency

89
Q

design for disassembly

A

design for products that can easily be disassembled, separated and sorted for reuse or recycling at the end of their reusable life

90
Q

environment

A

The total surrounding of things, conditions or influences; especially the combination of external physical conditions that affect and influence our growth, development and survival

91
Q

Gantt Chart

A

A detailed grid that displays the task to be undertaken and time allocated, and maps these on specified timeline

92
Q

Intellectual property

A

Recognises ownership of a product of the intellect that has commercial value including copyrighted property such as literary or artistic artworks, patents, business methods and industrial processes

93
Q

needs analysis

A

In-depth exploration of the needs and wants of the target market; used to establish a genuine need or opportunity and ensure that the design solution is in response to that need

94
Q

patent

A

A legal document granted by the government that gives an inventor exclusive rights to make, use and sell and invention for a specified period

95
Q

standardisation

A

The process of establishing a technical standard to ensure compatibility of production assemblies

96
Q

Trademark

A

The name or other symbol used by a manufacturer to distinguish its products from those of competitors

97
Q

Work, healthand safety act

A

an act relating to health and safety within the workplace; the act sets the framework for duties designed to promote health and safety and workplaces must comply with these

98
Q

Entrepreneurial Activity: case study

A

Jamie Fuller - SKINS

  • taken the diea of compression garments used to help the injured and elderly, and created a sportswear product
  • in terms of marketing: he targeted sports doctors and physicians
99
Q

DESIGN RIGHTS CASE STUDY

A

You are a handbag designer;
- sketches and prototypes are automatically protected by copyright –> if you choose to manufacture copies on a commercial scale, you will lose this copyright protection

  • want to mass produce: before marketing and production, apply for a design right to protect the overall visual appearance. apply for a patent to protect the technology that allows the handbag to charge a phone, etc. apply for a trademark to protect the logo
100
Q

Design rights

A
  • aims to protect the visual apperance of a whole product that has a physical form, is manufactured / handmade, is produced on a commercial scale
  • don’t protect concepts / processes, how it works, the materials used, the size, the brand name or logo, pratial design features
  • get design right through application with IP australia

DT Textiles (1 decks)

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