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Agriculture > Trial Exam > Flashcards

Trial Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Explain how a specific Information and Communications Technology (ICT) could be used for making decisions about, monitoring or recording the management of your selected weed.

A

The ICT of mapping infestation using GIS software can be used to produce maps and other graphic displays of geographic information to analyse and monitor the growth and spread of a weed. This software can show aerial maps of the property, indicating where the infestation is worse. When used multiple times it can record a change over time with the spread and patterns of this weed.

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2
Q

Give a description of Novacq and how it works

A

Novaqc is a new technology feed additive for prawns. It is made from marine microbes containing bioactive and vitamin supplements to grow prawns. Developed by the CSIRO it is an entirely natural food source for prawn farm industries to use to assist in growing prawns.

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3
Q

Define new technology

A

A newly designed technology introduced into the agriculture and horticulture industry within the last 5 years

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4
Q

Define emerging technology

A

A technology for the agriculture and horticultural industry that has not been released yet and is still in research, not commercially available.

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5
Q

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of Novacq with regard to the sustainability of a business

A

Advantages
Social: Increase in job market for working farms and increase jobs in equipment and advice for aquaculture
Environmental: Ocean food stocks are no longer fished and depleted, uses marine microbes instead of fish products
Economic: 20-40% increase growth rate of stock, produce more stock in a shorter period of time using less inputs and less cost for food and maintenance

Disadvantages
Social: Decrease in jobs for fishing for food for prawns
Environmental: Increased pollution due to more land used for farming and increase waste into waterways
Economic: Increase cost for food purchase and monopoly on the product setting the price high worldwide

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6
Q

What are some social sustainability issues?

A
  • Decreasing employment opportunities
  • Affecting family life
  • Farm may be sold and families move away
  • Increased reliance on benefits
  • Decreased numbers in towns affect sporting teams, clubs schools etc.
  • Increase incidences of stress and depression
  • Relationship with neighbours may be affected
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7
Q

What are some environmental sustainability issues?

A
  • Decreased carrying capacity of land
  • Loss of biodiversity
  • Decreased water quality
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8
Q

What are some economic sustainability issues?

A
  • Decreased income due to lower carcass values
  • Decreased income due to lower quality product such as milk
  • Decreased profitability
  • Lower land values for resale or borrowing
  • Less yield
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9
Q

Give a description of Robotic rotary dairy and how it works

A

The robotic rotary dairy is developed for Australia’s pasture-based dairy systems and is suited to herd sizes between 300 and 800 cows. It automates most milking tasks, enabling the job to be performed as a background activity, without the presence of a human operator. The robotic rotary has an internal, rotary herringbone platform, with cows facing outwards and the robots housed in the centre.

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10
Q

What are the 4 new emerging technologies we learnt this year?

A
  1. Pastures from space
  2. Rotary robotic dairy
  3. CRISPR in chicken egg farming
  4. Novacq prawn feed
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11
Q

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of robotic rotary dairy with regard to the sustainability of a business

A

Advantages
Social: More flexible and eliminates the need to start the working day early in the morning and finishing in the evening, also flexible working conditions and lifestyle improvements
Environmental:
Economic:

Disadvantages
Social:
Environmental:
Economic:

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12
Q

What are some techniques for modifying farm topography?

A
  • Contouring
  • Terracing
  • Laser levelling
  • Raised beds
  • Channel filling
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13
Q

Outline 2 pre-sowing treatments that can be used to aid the germination of hard-coated seeds

A
  1. Presoak seeds in water or acid solution overnight

2. Exposure to heat and smoke

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14
Q

Identify advantages and disadvantages of using a drip irrigation system

A

Advantages:

  • Less water wastage compared to overhead
  • If the drip is in one pot you know it will be in that specific pot and can control and know how much water that plant is getting

Disadvantages:

  • Requires more power than overhead
  • Can get clogged easily needing more breakdown and repair
  • Can be more expensive than overhead
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15
Q

Identify advantages and disadvantages of using an overhead sprinkler

A

Advantages:

  • Less expensive to install than drip
  • Less prone to breakdown

Disadvantages:

  • Water wastage
  • Can’t guarantee where the water will go
  • A lot of equipment needed to setup for outside
  • Sets the plant up for lots of gold and mildew
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16
Q

Give two specific benefits of having organic matter in soil or potting mix

A
  • Increases air space and drainage in pot

- Adds micro/macro organisms and insects to soil to help with processing and breakdown

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17
Q

What are two problems that may be caused by organic matter in soil or potting mix?

A
  • Can introduce diseases and more unknown matter

- Could unbalance nutrients as you don’t know what it involves, affecting the chemical makeup

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18
Q

A manager needs to supply food and water to intensively managed animals. Outline three other things the manager can do so that the animals have the optimum environment for production.

A
  • Ensure the ground is regularly cleaned of waste and feed and water is not contaminated to prevent diseases
  • Ensure the temperature is right for the animals and if not change to the appropriate temperature environment
  • Make sure vaccinations are up to date because they are intensively farmed so diseases can be easily and vastly spread, make sure unwell animals are quickly treated to prevent spread of disease
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19
Q

How can you increase the humidity in a glasshouse or poly house?

A
  • fogging
  • misting
  • close ventilation
  • wet flooring
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20
Q

How can you reduce the impact of frost in an orchard?

A
  • fans and wind turbines
  • bonfires
  • shade cloth, shelter
  • overhead irrigation
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21
Q

How can you improve the water-holding capacity of a sandy soil?

A
  • add organic matter, compost
  • add water-holding crystals
  • vermiculite
  • clay particles
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22
Q

How can you reduce the acidity of a potting mix or soil?

A
  • add lime (calcium carbonate)

- add dolomite

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23
Q

How can you reduce heat stress on sheep in a paddock?

A
  • provide shelter with sheds
  • shelter belts with trees
  • carefully time shearing
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24
Q

How can you improve the structure of compacted soil in a field?

A
  • Deep ripping

- Add organic matter

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25
Q

How can you increase the concentration of carbon dioxide CO2 in a glasshouse or poly house?

A
  • pump co2 gasses directly into the greenhouse
26
Q

Describe the benefits of using a non-soil growing medium such as perlite, peat moss and vermiculite

A
  • Less chances of diseases
  • Lighter
  • Cleaner and attractive
  • Provide better control over water holding capacity, nutrients and pH
27
Q

Explain the benefits associated with raised beds for modifying farm topography

A
  • provides drainage
  • less likely to get weeds
  • better for workers oh&s issues
28
Q

Explain the benefits associated with laser levelling for modifying farm topography

A

better control over water management; allows for precision irrigation, collection and recycling of irrigated water; reduces water entering and raising the water table

29
Q

Explain the benefits associated with contouring for modifying farm topography.

A

reduced runoff; retains moisture in the soil; reduced likelihood of soil erosion; safer use of tractors and other vehicles

30
Q

Explain the benefits associated with terracing for modifying farm topography.

A

converts land that is too steep for cropping to land that can be cropped; increases the area available for crops; retains moisture; prevents the erosion of top soil

31
Q

State two ways to maximise the birthing percentages of livestock

A
  • make sure animals are a healthy weight
  • make sure their diet is correct
  • make sure they are up to date with vaccinations
32
Q

State two ways to maximise the germination of seeds

A
  • optimum environmental growing conditions (temperature, humidity etc.)
  • maintain regular watering
33
Q

State two ways to minimise the turbidity of water in a dam that is used for stock drinking water

A
  • plant water plants to filter the water

- fence and remove stock from area

34
Q

Apart from adding water to change the moisture content, list three modifications to potting mix or soil that may be implemented to get the best growing conditions for plant

A
  • good drainage by adding perlite
  • water holding crystals
  • fertiliser for nutrients
35
Q

List things that a manager can do to ensure that hothouse grown plants have the optimum environment for production

A
  • temperature control (vents, heaters, misting, fans)
  • weed control
  • moisture control
  • humidity control
  • disease control
  • drainage
  • shade
  • shelter
  • pest control
  • water quality
36
Q

List things that a manager can do to ensure that intensively managed animals (such as those in feed lots, cages or pens) have the optimum environment for production

A
  • light control
  •  adequate nutrition
  •  adequate housing
  •  shading
  •  temperature control (including sprinklers and fans)
  •  feed pad
  •  disease control
  •  pest control
  •  adequate space
  •  calm environment.
37
Q

Name three green house gases

A

methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide

38
Q

Describe activities/processes that contribute to methane being produced

A
  • decomposition of organic material, including dead animal decomposition and decaying plant material
  •  fermentation/bacteria, protozoa in ruminant stomach
  •  fermentation of dairy effluent and its decomposition
39
Q

Describe activities/processes that contribute to carbon dioxide being produced

A
  • burning of fossil fuel, e.g. combustion engine, CO2 emissions from vehicle/tractor/machinery
  •  burning stubble/plant waste
  •  CO2 emissions from using electricity for farm processes
40
Q

Describe activities/processes that contribute to nitrous oxide being produced

A
  • nitrogen fertiliser use
  •  wet soil releasing nitrous oxide
  •  animal urine (ammonia), dairy effluent
41
Q

What management strategy could be introduced to an agricultural or horticultural business to reduce its net emission of one of methane without compromising profitability?

A

Ruminant animals

  •  changing the diet to reduce dry matter/grain decomposition
  •  treat dairy effluent to reduce production of gas
  •  contain polluted water and filter through reed beds, settling ponds
  •  capture the gas and use it as a fuel
  •  use bull Australian Breeding Values (ABVs) for reduction in methane production

Horticulture
- hot composting of organic waste to release less gas

42
Q

What management strategy could be introduced to an agricultural or horticultural business to reduce its net emission of one of carbon dioxide without compromising profitability?

A
  • use modern engines that release less emissions
  •  use direct drill of seed to reduce tractor use (minimum tillage practices)
  •  use solar/wind electricity to drive machinery where possible
  •  avoid burning stubble – stubble conservation
  •  plant trees to offset CO2 production – agroforestry
43
Q

What management strategy could be introduced to an agricultural or horticultural business to reduce its net emission of one of nitrous oxide without compromising profitability?

A
  • use exact rates of nitrogen fertiliser
  •  don’t over-fertilise
  •  soil test to reduce nitrogen application rates
  •  improve drainage to reduce waterlogging
  •  reduce over irrigation to reduce risk
44
Q

Name an agricultural or horticultural business you are familiar with

A
  • Ball Australia nursery (indoor first nursery)
  • Oasis nursery
  • The Hooks beef cattle property
45
Q

What are types of purchasers for products and services from a business?

A

direct to consumer, wholesaler, retailer and processor.

46
Q

List some examples of modifying techniques from ball nursery

A
  • pro lamps to manipulate light
  • double skin plastic house with an air layer in between for insulation and temperature control
  • vents controlled by computer system
  • mist system raising humidity or lowering to prevent fungi infections
  • curtains on the roof to reduce the intensity of light
  • LED lights
47
Q

Define topography

A

Topography refers to the slope, terrain or undulations of the land

48
Q

Define disease

A

Disease in plants can be considered as any change from the normal growth pattern of a plant. Disease in animals is the abnormal functioning of the body and is mainly caused by living organisms, environmental effects and hereditary faults

49
Q

Diseases can reduce productivity of plants and animals by:

A
  • Inhibiting germination
  • Killing the plant
  • Increasing production costs in control methods
  • Contaminating products
  • Reducing yields
50
Q

Define microbial

A

The organism is microscopic and can’t be seen by the naked eye so you need a microscope to see it

51
Q

Define metabolic

A

It doesn’t involve a living organism and is about the animals diet not getting a correct amount of the right nutrients causing deficiencies

52
Q

Define metazoal

A

The organism can be seen with the naked eye so you don’t need a microscope e.g. lice and aphids

53
Q

What are some control measures

A

Eradication: soil sterilisation
Quarantine: isolating, monitoring
Management control: crop rotation, changing climate, sanitation
Genetic control: breeding varieties resistant to pests and diseases
Biological control: using a living organism to control
Chemical control: pesticides, fungicides, insecticides, herbicides

54
Q

Define Integrated control

A

It is the development of a plan to control the pest disease or weed and in that plan a range of control methods are used rather than just relying on one

55
Q

Define weed

A

Any plant that is growing in a place you do not want it to grow. A weed is defined as a plant considered undesirable, unattractive, or troublesome.

56
Q

What effect do weeds have on production?

A
  • competing for water, light and nutrients
  • harbouring diseases
  • increasing production costs
  • reducing quality and quantity of yield
  • contaminating product
57
Q

3 layers of sustainability

A

economic, environmental, social

58
Q

List types of environmental degradation

A
  • Erosion (wind and water)
  • Salinity
  • Water logging
  • Compaction
  • Soil acidity
  • Water quality
59
Q

Define nitrous oxide

A

Is mainly released through soil disturbance, nitrogen fertilisers, urine and dung. The global warming potential of nitrous oxide is 310 times that of carbon dioxide over a 100 year period

60
Q

Define carbon dioxide

A

Is mainly released through burning fossil fuels, plant decay and insect and microbial activity in soils. It is also absorbed by plants through photosynthesis and stored in soils and trees.

61
Q

Define methane

A

Is mainly released from cows and sheep following digestion of plant matter. The global warming potential of methane is approximately 21 times that of carbon dioxide over a 100 year period

Agriculture (2 decks)

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