TRI B VIVA Flashcards
5
signs/symptoms of COPD
- persistent cough that produces sputum
- shortness of breath (dyspnoea)
- wheezing
- difficulty performing physical activities
- chest tightness
5
signs/symptoms of bronchiectasis
- chronic productive cough - foul-smelling, purulent sputum, blood stained mucus
- history of repeated, severe lung infections
- dyspnoea and wheezing
- fatigue and poor concentration
- clubbed fingers
6
signs/symptoms of cystic fibrosis
- persistent cough
- excessive sputum production (thick mucus in bronchi)
- wheezing
- impaired mucocillary clearance
- recurrent respiratory infections (incl pneumonia)
- bronchiectasis in later stages
7
signs/symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis
- persistent unproductive cough
- shortness of breath - especially when active
- fatigue
- low grade fevers
- muscular pain
- joint pain
- unexplained weight loss
8
signs/symptoms of lung cancer
- cough lasting more than 3 weeks
- worsening cough
- recurrent chest infections
- coughing up blood
- ache/pain when breathing or coughing
- persistent breathlessness
- fatigue/lack of energy
- loss of appetite/unexplained weight loss
9
signs/symptoms of pneumonia
- cough - may produce yellow/green mucus
- shortness of breath
- high temperature
- wheezing
- chest pain
- body ache
- fatigue
- loss of appetitie
- confusion - especially in older patients
4
risk factors/causes of COPD
- history of smoking
- exposure to occupational dusts and chemicals
- air pollution and exposure to noxious fumes or particles
- genetic - anti-trypsin deficiency
7
risk factors/causes of bronchiectasis
each answer has sub-answer
- post infection
- inhalation injury
- obstructive airway disease
- immunodeficiency
- bronchopulmonary fungal infection
- mucocillary clearance disorders
- bronchial obstruction
1
risk factors/causes of cystic fibrosis
fault gene inherited by both parents
present from birth and cannot be caught from someone else with it
8
risk factors/causes of pneumonia
pathogens
- streptococcus pnuemonia
- haemophilus influenzae
- pneumocystis jiroveci
- legionella
- moraxella catarrhalis
- staphylococcus aureus
- klebsella pneumonia
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
7
risk factors/causes of pulomonary fibrosis
- autoimmune conditions
- radiation exposure
- infections
- inhaled toxic fumes
- dust
- cigarette smoke
- other lung diseases
there is a genetic predisposition that leads to abnormal wound healing
3
risk factors/causes of lung cancer
- smoking
- radon - natural radioactive gas
- occupational exposure and pollution
70% of cases are caused by smoking
one line
what is COPD
an airways disease where there is irreversible obstruction of airflow that deteriorates over time
pathophysiology of COPD
include chronic bronchitis
- hyperinflation due to destruction of supporting tissue in emphysema, so airway collapses and increased resistance to expiratory flow
- decreased elastic recoil in emphysema, so increased air trapped in alveoli
- in chronic bronchitis, obstruction within the airway leads to reduced air leaving the lungs
one line
what is cystic fibrosiss
an autosomal recessive inherited disorder
pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis
- defective chloride ion transport
- affects exocrine glands in digestive tract, reproductive organs, and airways
- abnormal expression of CFTR protein
- this protein is found in membranes of epithelial cells e.g. airways, bile duct, pancreas, sweat glands, vas deferens
one line
what is pneumonia
lung infection and inflammation where the alveoli and small airways form a solid mass called consolidation
pathophysiology of pneumonia
- can be an acute (primary) infection or develop as a secondary infection, and can be viraal, bacterial or fungal
- lobar pneumonia can be unilateral, bilateral or involve more than one lobe - often associated with pleuritic pain and reduced tidal volume
- viral pneumonia can cause inflammation of intestinal tissue or alveolar septae
pathophysiology of lung caancer
include SCLC and NSCLC
- repeated exposure to carcinagens e.g. cigarette smoke, leads to dysplasia of lung epithelium
- continued exposure leads to genetic mutations and affects protein synthesis
- most common genetic mutations for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) = MYC, BCL2 and p53
- most common for non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) = EGFR, KRAS and p16
one line
what is pulmonary fibrosis
an accumulation of fibrous scar tissue in lungs
