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Trematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Order of Trematodes: (4)

A
  1. Plagioformes
  2. Echinostomatiformes
  3. Opistorchiformes
  4. Strigeiformes
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2
Q

Describe morphology of Trematodes: (3)

A
  1. Unsegmented Bodies
  2. Dorsal ventrally flattened
  3. Bilaterally symmetrical
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3
Q

Term for suckers present in Trematodes

A

Acetabula

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4
Q

This is used for the acquisition of food and nutrients

A

Oral suckers

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5
Q

This is used for attachment

A

Ventral suckers

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6
Q

Explain heteroxenous

A

Requires 2 hosts

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7
Q

Man is never an intermediate host. Man is infected with the larval stage of trematodes.

a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is true
b. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
c. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
d. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is false

A

b. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false

Man is NEVER infected with larval stage.

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8
Q

Species under Echinostomatiformes: (4)

A
  1. Fasciola hepatica
  2. Fasciola gigantica
  3. Fasciolopsis buski
  4. Echinostoma ilocanum
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9
Q

Species under Opistorchiformes: (5)

A
  1. Opistorchis viverrini
  2. Opistorchis felineus
  3. Heterophyes heterophyes
  4. Metagonimus yokogawai
  5. Clonorchis sinensis
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10
Q

Schistosoma spp.: (5)

A
  1. Schistosoma japonicum
  2. Schistosoma mansoni
  3. Schistosoma haematobium
  4. Schistosoma intercalatum
  5. Schistosoma mekongi
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11
Q

Fluke that infects the lungs

A

Paragonimus westermani

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12
Q

Flukes that infect the liver and bile ducts: (3)

A
  1. Fasciola hepatica
  2. Opistorchis spp.
  3. Clonorchis sinensis
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13
Q

Flukes that infect the intestine:

A
  1. Fasciolopsis buski
  2. Echinostoma ilocanum
  3. Metagonimus yokogawai
  4. Heterophyes heterophyes
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14
Q

Blood flukes

A

Schistosoma spp.

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15
Q

Classification of Trematodes according to sexual differentiation

A
  1. Monoecious
  2. Dioecious
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16
Q

Describe Monoecious: (6)

A
  1. Leaflike
  2. Heteroxenous (3 hosts)
  3. Operculated, immature eggs
  4. Infective stage is metacercaria
  5. Mode of Infection: Ingestion of Metacercaria in 2nd Intermediate host
  6. Most flukes
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17
Q

Describe Dioecious: (6)

A
  1. Cylindrical
  2. Requires 2 host
  3. Non-operculated but always matured
  4. Infective stage is cercaria
  5. Mode of Infection: Skin penetration
  6. Blood flukes (Schistosoma spp.)
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18
Q

Explain life cycle of Monoecious flukes

A
  1. Eggs will hatch into miracidium which will infect the 1st intermediate host (mollusk).
  2. Once ingested, this will give rise to a sac-like structure called sporocyst.
  3. Sporocyst will exhibit asexual reproduction that will produce thousands of Rediae
  4. Rediae will become cercariae.
  5. Cercariae will be released from the sporocyst and will become free-living cercariae which will find its 2nd intermediate host.
  6. Infected 2nd intermediate host will be consumed by man harboring infection.
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19
Q

Explain life cycle of Dioecious flukes

A
  1. Eggs hatch into miracidium
  2. Miracidia infects 1st intermediate host
  3. Inside the 1st intermediate host, miracidium will develop into sporocyst.
  4. Sporocyst will become cercaria which will emerge from the 1st intermediate host.
  5. Free living cercaria will penetrate the skin of the definitive host (man).
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20
Q

Monoecious fluke that infect the lungs and with unique flat operculum and abopercular thickening.

A

Paragonimus westermani

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21
Q

Other name for P. westermani

A

Oriental Lung Fluke

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22
Q

Monoecious fluke that is coffee bean-shaped with zigzag intestinal ceca.

A

P. westermani

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23
Q

Identify:

Paragonimus westermani

1st Intermediate host:
2nd Intermediate host:
Reservoir:

A

1st Intermediate host: Snail spp.
2nd Intermediate host: Fresh water crustaceans (Crabs, crayfish, shrimp)
Reservoir: Rats, dogs, cats

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24
Q

Pathology of P. westermani

A

Pneumonia-like/TB-like infection
Hemoptysis (Coughing of blood)

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25
Q

Diagnosis of P. westermani

A
  1. Sputum test
  2. Stool analysis
  3. Lung biopsy
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26
Q

Sheep liver fluke

A

Fasciola hepatica

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27
Q

Monoecious flukes that have small operculum, thin shell, and large immature eggs with yellow brown color

A

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Fasciolopsis buski

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28
Q

Monoecious flukes that have small operculum, thin shell, and large immature eggs with straw colored eggs

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

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29
Q

Monoecious flukes that resembles old-fashioned electric bulbs, vase-shaped ova that are already matured.

A

Opistorchis viverrini
Opistorchis felineus
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai
Clonorchis sinensis

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30
Q

Differentiate the ova of the following:

Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai
Clonorchis sinensis

A

Heterophyes heterophyes - more elongated
Metagonimus yokogawai - broadly ovoidal with smaller knob
Clonorchis sinensis - Thinner shell

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31
Q

Unique characteristic of F. hepatica

A

Cephalic cone

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32
Q

Describe the intestine of F. hepatica

A

Branched intestines

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33
Q

Identify:

Fasciola hepatica

1st Intermediate host:
2nd Intermediate host:
Reservoir:

A

1st Intermediate host: Snail spp.
2nd Intermediate host: Fresh water vegetation (Kangkong, waterlily etc.)
Reservoir: Ruminants, Carabaos, goats

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34
Q

Pathology of F. hepatica

A

Hepatomegaly
Jaundice
Edema

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35
Q

Diagnosis of F. hepatica

A

Stool exam
- Direct Fecal Smear
- Kato thick
- Concentration technique

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36
Q

Chinese/Oriental Liver Fluke

A

Clonorchis sinensis

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37
Q

Identify

Clonorchis sinensis

1st Intermediate host:
2nd Intermediate host:
Reservoir:

A

1st Intermediate host: Snail
2nd Intermediate host: Salmonoid fishes
Reservoir: Fish-eating mammals

38
Q

Identify

Opistorchis spp.

1st Intermediate host:
2nd Intermediate host:
Reservoir:

A

1st Intermediate host: Snail spp.
2nd Intermediate host: Freshwater fish
Reservoir: Fish eating mammals

39
Q

Identify

Fasciolopsis buski

1st Intermediate host:
2nd Intermediate host:
Reservoir:

A

1st Intermediate host: Snail spp.
2nd Intermediate host: Freshwater fish
Reservoir: Pigs

40
Q

Identify

Echinostoma ilocanum

1st Intermediate host:
2nd Intermediate host:
Reservoir:

A

1st Intermediate host: Snails
2nd Intermediate host: Snails
Reservoir: Rats and birds

  • All molluscan stage (host)
41
Q

Identify

Heterophyes heterophyes

1st Intermediate host:
2nd Intermediate host:
Reservoir:

A

1st Intermediate host: Snail spp.
2nd Intermediate host: Salmonoid fishes
Reservoir: Fish-eating mammals

42
Q

Identify

Metagonimus yokogawai

1st Intermediate host:
2nd Intermediate host:
Reservoir:

A

1st Intermediate host: Snail
2nd Intermediate host: Salmonoid fish
Reservoir: Fish-eating mammals

43
Q

Common name for Opistorchis viverrini

A

Southeast Asia Liver fluke

44
Q

Common name for Opistorchis felineus

A

Cat liver fluke

45
Q

Giant intestinal fluke

A

Fasciolopsis buski

46
Q

Garrison’s fluke

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

47
Q

Common name for Heterophyes heterophyes

A

von Seibold Fluke

48
Q

Common name for Metagonimus yokogawai

A

Yokogawai’s fluke

49
Q

Oriental blood fluke

A

Schistosoma japonicum

50
Q

Common name for Schistosoma mansoni

A

Mansoni’s blood fluke

51
Q

Common name for Schistosoma haematobium

A

Vesical blood fluke

52
Q

Adult morphology of P. westermani

A

Coffee-bean shaped with zigzag intestinal ceca

53
Q

Adult morphology of F. hepatica

A

with unique cephalic cone

54
Q

Adult morphology of C. sinensis

A

tapered anteriorly, rounded posteriorly

55
Q

Adult morphology of O. viverrini and O. felineus

A

Lancet shaped, lobed/oblique testes with transverse vitelaria

56
Q

Adult morphology of F. buski

A

Larger than F. hepatica but no cephalic cone, and unbranched intestinal structures

57
Q

Adult morphology of E. ilocanum

A

Long reddish gray, with circumoral disc of 49-51 spines

58
Q

Adult morphology of H. heterophyes

A

scale-like spines surrounding the adult fluke with gonotyl

59
Q

Adult morphology of M. yokogawai

A

larger appearance of scale-like spine surrounding the adult fluke, absent gonotyl

60
Q

Describe male and female S. japonicum

A

Male: smooth and no tuberculations; with 6-8 testes
Female: Uterus is long and slender; ovary is in the median portion. Lays about 50-100 eggs.

61
Q

Describe male and female S. mansoni

A

Male: coarsely tuberculated; 8-9 testes
Female: Short uterus; Ovary is in the anterior portion. Lays about 1-4 eggs

62
Q

Describe male and female S. haematobium

A

Male: finely/slightly tuberculated; 4-5 testes
Female: Uterus is long; ovary is at the posterior portion. Lays about 20-30 eggs

63
Q

Pathology of H. heterophyes: (2)

A
  1. Myocardial and valvular damage
  2. Diarrhea and colicky abdominal pain
64
Q

Pathology of F. buski

A

Intestinal ulceration/obstruction

65
Q

Pathology of E. ilocanum

A

Mild intestinal irritation due to spines

66
Q

Diagnostic stage for Blood flukes

A

Recovery of ova

67
Q

Intermediate host of S. japonicum

A

Oncomelaria quadrisi

68
Q

Habitat of S. japonicum

A

Mesenteric veins of small intestin (superion mesenteric veins)

69
Q

Describe the egg of S. japonicum

A

Small with lateral knob

70
Q

Specific manifestation of S. japonicum: (2)

A

Oriental schistosomiasis
Enlargement of neighboring organs

71
Q

Diagnostic test for S. japonicum

A

Circumoral Precipitin Test (COPT)

72
Q

Reagent of COPT

A

Viable S. japonicum ova

73
Q

Positive result for COPT

A

Septic precipitin is evident

74
Q

Intermediate host of S. mansoni: (3)

A

Biomphalaria spp.
Planorbis spp.
Tropicorbis spp.

75
Q

Habitat of S. mansoni

A

Mesenteric veins of the rectum (Inferior mesenteric veins)

76
Q

Describe the egg of S. mansoni

A

With large lateral spine

77
Q

Specific manifestation of S. mansoni

A

Schistosomal dysentery/Intestinal schistosomiasis

78
Q

Diagnostic tests for S. mansoni: (5)

A

Direct Fecal Smear
Kato Thick
Kato Katz
Faust Maloney
Rectal biopsy

79
Q

Egg counting procedure

80
Q

This enhances the visualization of the miracidium

81
Q

Detection of granuloma formation in case of Hoeppli reaction

A

Rectal biopsy

82
Q

Procedure in assessing egg hatching

A

Faust Maloney

83
Q

Intermediate host of S. haematobium: (2)

A

Bulinus spp.
Physopsis spp.

84
Q

Habitat of S. haematobium

A

Venous plexus of urinary bladder

85
Q

Describe the egg of S. haematobium

A

With large terminal spine

86
Q

Specific manifestation of S. haematobium

A

Urinary schistosomiasis
Bilharziasis

87
Q

Diagnostic test for S. haematobium

A

Urine sediment analyzation via:
24-urine collection
Bladder aspiration

88
Q

Blood flukes with egg that is similar to S. japonicum but smaller

A

S. mekongi

89
Q

Blood flukes with egg that is similar to S. haematobium but larger and can be found in stool samples.

A

S. intercalatum

90
Q

General manifestation of Schistosoma spp.: (3)

A
  1. Cercarial dermatitis (Swimmer’s itch)
  2. Katayama fever
  3. Hoeppli reaction
91
Q

Hoeppli reaction

A

Contact of eggs on the vessel walls which causes inflammatory granuloma

92
Q

This happens due to highly immunogenic eggs

A

Increased eosinophils (Eosinophilia)

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