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Trematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Order of Trematodes: (4)

A
  1. Plagioformes
  2. Echinostomatiformes
  3. Opistorchiformes
  4. Strigeiformes
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2
Q

Describe morphology of Trematodes: (3)

A
  1. Unsegmented Bodies
  2. Dorsal ventrally flattened
  3. Bilaterally symmetrical
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3
Q

Term for suckers present in Trematodes

A

Acetabula

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4
Q

This is used for the acquisition of food and nutrients

A

Oral suckers

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5
Q

This is used for attachment

A

Ventral suckers

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6
Q

Explain heteroxenous

A

Requires 2 hosts

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7
Q

Man is never an intermediate host. Man is infected with the larval stage of trematodes.

a. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is true
b. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false
c. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is true
d. 1st statement is false, 2nd statement is false

A

b. 1st statement is true, 2nd statement is false

Man is NEVER infected with larval stage.

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8
Q

Species under Echinostomatiformes: (4)

A
  1. Fasciola hepatica
  2. Fasciola gigantica
  3. Fasciolopsis buski
  4. Echinostoma ilocanum
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9
Q

Species under Opistorchiformes: (5)

A
  1. Opistorchis viverrini
  2. Opistorchis felineus
  3. Heterophyes heterophyes
  4. Metagonimus yokogawai
  5. Clonorchis sinensis
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10
Q

Schistosoma spp.: (5)

A
  1. Schistosoma japonicum
  2. Schistosoma mansoni
  3. Schistosoma haematobium
  4. Schistosoma intercalatum
  5. Schistosoma mekongi
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11
Q

Fluke that infects the lungs

A

Paragonimus westermani

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12
Q

Flukes that infect the liver and bile ducts: (3)

A
  1. Fasciola hepatica
  2. Opistorchis spp.
  3. Clonorchis sinensis
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13
Q

Flukes that infect the intestine:

A
  1. Fasciolopsis buski
  2. Echinostoma ilocanum
  3. Metagonimus yokogawai
  4. Heterophyes heterophyes
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14
Q

Blood flukes

A

Schistosoma spp.

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15
Q

Classification of Trematodes according to sexual differentiation

A
  1. Monoecious
  2. Dioecious
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16
Q

Describe Monoecious: (6)

A
  1. Leaflike
  2. Heteroxenous (3 hosts)
  3. Operculated, immature eggs
  4. Infective stage is metacercaria
  5. Mode of Infection: Ingestion of Metacercaria in 2nd Intermediate host
  6. Most flukes
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17
Q

Describe Dioecious: (6)

A
  1. Cylindrical
  2. Requires 2 host
  3. Non-operculated but always matured
  4. Infective stage is cercaria
  5. Mode of Infection: Skin penetration
  6. Blood flukes (Schistosoma spp.)
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18
Q

Explain life cycle of Monoecious flukes

A
  1. Eggs will hatch into miracidium which will infect the 1st intermediate host (mollusk).
  2. Once ingested, this will give rise to a sac-like structure called sporocyst.
  3. Sporocyst will exhibit asexual reproduction that will produce thousands of Rediae
  4. Rediae will become cercariae.
  5. Cercariae will be released from the sporocyst and will become free-living cercariae which will find its 2nd intermediate host.
  6. Infected 2nd intermediate host will be consumed by man harboring infection.
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19
Q

Explain life cycle of Dioecious flukes

A
  1. Eggs hatch into miracidium
  2. Miracidia infects 1st intermediate host
  3. Inside the 1st intermediate host, miracidium will develop into sporocyst.
  4. Sporocyst will become cercaria which will emerge from the 1st intermediate host.
  5. Free living cercaria will penetrate the skin of the definitive host (man).
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20
Q

Monoecious fluke that infect the lungs and with unique flat operculum and abopercular thickening.

A

Paragonimus westermani

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21
Q

Other name for P. westermani

A

Oriental Lung Fluke

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22
Q

Monoecious fluke that is coffee bean-shaped with zigzag intestinal ceca.

A

P. westermani

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23
Q

Identify:

Paragonimus westermani

1st Intermediate host:
2nd Intermediate host:
Reservoir:

A

1st Intermediate host: Snail spp.
2nd Intermediate host: Fresh water crustaceans (Crabs, crayfish, shrimp)
Reservoir: Rats, dogs, cats

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24
Q

Pathology of P. westermani

A

Pneumonia-like/TB-like infection
Hemoptysis (Coughing of blood)

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25
Diagnosis of P. westermani
1. Sputum test 2. Stool analysis 3. Lung biopsy
26
Sheep liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica
27
Monoecious flukes that have small operculum, thin shell, and large immature eggs with yellow brown color
Fasciola hepatica Fasciola gigantica Fasciolopsis buski
28
Monoecious flukes that have small operculum, thin shell, and large immature eggs with straw colored eggs
Echinostoma ilocanum
29
Monoecious flukes that resembles old-fashioned electric bulbs, vase-shaped ova that are already matured.
Opistorchis viverrini Opistorchis felineus Heterophyes heterophyes Metagonimus yokogawai Clonorchis sinensis
30
Differentiate the ova of the following: Heterophyes heterophyes Metagonimus yokogawai Clonorchis sinensis
Heterophyes heterophyes - more elongated Metagonimus yokogawai - broadly ovoidal with smaller knob Clonorchis sinensis - Thinner shell
31
Unique characteristic of F. hepatica
Cephalic cone
32
Describe the intestine of F. hepatica
Branched intestines
33
Identify: Fasciola hepatica 1st Intermediate host: 2nd Intermediate host: Reservoir:
1st Intermediate host: Snail spp. 2nd Intermediate host: Fresh water vegetation (Kangkong, waterlily etc.) Reservoir: Ruminants, Carabaos, goats
34
Pathology of F. hepatica
Hepatomegaly Jaundice Edema
35
Diagnosis of F. hepatica
Stool exam - Direct Fecal Smear - Kato thick - Concentration technique
36
Chinese/Oriental Liver Fluke
Clonorchis sinensis
37
Identify Clonorchis sinensis 1st Intermediate host: 2nd Intermediate host: Reservoir:
1st Intermediate host: Snail 2nd Intermediate host: Salmonoid fishes Reservoir: Fish-eating mammals
38
Identify Opistorchis spp. 1st Intermediate host: 2nd Intermediate host: Reservoir:
1st Intermediate host: Snail spp. 2nd Intermediate host: Freshwater fish Reservoir: Fish eating mammals
39
Identify Fasciolopsis buski 1st Intermediate host: 2nd Intermediate host: Reservoir:
1st Intermediate host: Snail spp. 2nd Intermediate host: Freshwater fish Reservoir: Pigs
40
Identify Echinostoma ilocanum 1st Intermediate host: 2nd Intermediate host: Reservoir:
1st Intermediate host: Snails 2nd Intermediate host: Snails Reservoir: Rats and birds * All molluscan stage (host)
41
Identify Heterophyes heterophyes 1st Intermediate host: 2nd Intermediate host: Reservoir:
1st Intermediate host: Snail spp. 2nd Intermediate host: Salmonoid fishes Reservoir: Fish-eating mammals
42
Identify Metagonimus yokogawai 1st Intermediate host: 2nd Intermediate host: Reservoir:
1st Intermediate host: Snail 2nd Intermediate host: Salmonoid fish Reservoir: Fish-eating mammals
43
Common name for Opistorchis viverrini
Southeast Asia Liver fluke
44
Common name for Opistorchis felineus
Cat liver fluke
45
Giant intestinal fluke
Fasciolopsis buski
46
Garrison's fluke
Echinostoma ilocanum
47
Common name for Heterophyes heterophyes
von Seibold Fluke
48
Common name for Metagonimus yokogawai
Yokogawai's fluke
49
Oriental blood fluke
Schistosoma japonicum
50
Common name for Schistosoma mansoni
Mansoni's blood fluke
51
Common name for Schistosoma haematobium
Vesical blood fluke
52
Adult morphology of P. westermani
Coffee-bean shaped with zigzag intestinal ceca
53
Adult morphology of F. hepatica
with unique cephalic cone
54
Adult morphology of C. sinensis
tapered anteriorly, rounded posteriorly
55
Adult morphology of O. viverrini and O. felineus
Lancet shaped, lobed/oblique testes with transverse vitelaria
56
Adult morphology of F. buski
Larger than F. hepatica but no cephalic cone, and unbranched intestinal structures
57
Adult morphology of E. ilocanum
Long reddish gray, with circumoral disc of 49-51 spines
58
Adult morphology of H. heterophyes
scale-like spines surrounding the adult fluke with gonotyl
59
Adult morphology of M. yokogawai
larger appearance of scale-like spine surrounding the adult fluke, absent gonotyl
60
Describe male and female S. japonicum
Male: smooth and no tuberculations; with 6-8 testes Female: Uterus is long and slender; ovary is in the median portion. Lays about 50-100 eggs.
61
Describe male and female S. mansoni
Male: coarsely tuberculated; 8-9 testes Female: Short uterus; Ovary is in the anterior portion. Lays about 1-4 eggs
62
Describe male and female S. haematobium
Male: finely/slightly tuberculated; 4-5 testes Female: Uterus is long; ovary is at the posterior portion. Lays about 20-30 eggs
63
Pathology of H. heterophyes: (2)
1. Myocardial and valvular damage 2. Diarrhea and colicky abdominal pain
64
Pathology of F. buski
Intestinal ulceration/obstruction
65
Pathology of E. ilocanum
Mild intestinal irritation due to spines
66
Diagnostic stage for Blood flukes
Recovery of ova
67
Intermediate host of S. japonicum
Oncomelaria quadrisi
68
Habitat of S. japonicum
Mesenteric veins of small intestin (superion mesenteric veins)
69
Describe the egg of S. japonicum
Small with lateral knob
70
Specific manifestation of S. japonicum: (2)
Oriental schistosomiasis Enlargement of neighboring organs
71
Diagnostic test for S. japonicum
Circumoral Precipitin Test (COPT)
72
Reagent of COPT
Viable S. japonicum ova
73
Positive result for COPT
Septic precipitin is evident
74
Intermediate host of S. mansoni: (3)
Biomphalaria spp. Planorbis spp. Tropicorbis spp.
75
Habitat of S. mansoni
Mesenteric veins of the rectum (Inferior mesenteric veins)
76
Describe the egg of S. mansoni
With large lateral spine
77
Specific manifestation of S. mansoni
Schistosomal dysentery/Intestinal schistosomiasis
78
Diagnostic tests for S. mansoni: (5)
Direct Fecal Smear Kato Thick Kato Katz Faust Maloney Rectal biopsy
79
Egg counting procedure
Kato katz
80
This enhances the visualization of the miracidium
1% eosin
81
Detection of granuloma formation in case of Hoeppli reaction
Rectal biopsy
82
Procedure in assessing egg hatching
Faust Maloney
83
Intermediate host of S. haematobium: (2)
Bulinus spp. Physopsis spp.
84
Habitat of S. haematobium
Venous plexus of urinary bladder
85
Describe the egg of S. haematobium
With large terminal spine
86
Specific manifestation of S. haematobium
Urinary schistosomiasis Bilharziasis
87
Diagnostic test for S. haematobium
Urine sediment analyzation via: 24-urine collection Bladder aspiration
88
Blood flukes with egg that is similar to S. japonicum but smaller
S. mekongi
89
Blood flukes with egg that is similar to S. haematobium but larger and can be found in stool samples.
S. intercalatum
90
General manifestation of Schistosoma spp.: (3)
1. Cercarial dermatitis (Swimmer's itch) 2. Katayama fever 3. Hoeppli reaction
91
Hoeppli reaction
Contact of eggs on the vessel walls which causes inflammatory granuloma
92
This happens due to highly immunogenic eggs
Increased eosinophils (Eosinophilia)

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