Tree of Life Flashcards
2 branches Animalia divides into
Sponges and Eumetazoa
2 branches Eumetazoa divide into
Diploblasts and Bilateria
Diploblast Taxa
Cnidaria and Ctenophora
2 branches Bilateria divide into
Protostomes and Deuterostomes
2 branches Protostomes divide into
Lophotrochozoans and Ecydysozoans
Lophotrochozoan Taxa
Flatworms, Annelids, and Mollusks
Ecdysozoan Taxa
Nematodes and Arthropoda
Arthropoda Taxa
Myriapods, Chelicerates, Crustacea, and Hexapoda
Characteristics of Animals
heterotrophic, multicellular, internal digestion, movement
Characteristics of Sponges
sessile, heterotrophic, lack true tissues, choanocytes - flagellated feeding cells (evolutionary link between animals and choanoflagellate), spicules
Characteristics of Eumetazoans
body symmetry, gut and nervous system, tissues organized into organs
Dipoblasts
radial symmetry
Another name for bilaterians
triploblasts
Examples of Ctenophora
comb jellies
Examples of Cnidaria
sea anemone, corals and hydrozoans
characteristics of flatworms
simplest bilaterians, acoelomate - no body cavity, mouth is only opening for its gastrovascular cavity; simple nervous system - a brain, sense organs, and branching nerves; eyespots
characteristics of cnidaria
gastrovascular cavity with one opening - mouth
characteristics of ctenophora
have a complete gut; ctenes - fused plates of cilia used to move
example of parasitic flatworm
flukes and tapeworm - intermediary stages in life cycle, scolex - head, proglottids
mollusk body plan
descent with modification of foot, mantle and viscera
annelids
segmented worms
3 types of mollusks
gastropods - stomach foots, cephalopods - head foot, bivalves - 2 shells
characteristics of gastropods
largest group of mollusks; examples - snails and slugs; one shell, a foot, and a tongue (radula)
characteristics of cephalopods
agile predators, vertebrate-like eyes, tentacles, siphon; ex: octopus and squid; largest invertebrates
characteristics of bivalves
two shells, examples- clams, mussels, oysters, and scallops - siphon
cephalization
concentration of sensory organs and nervous tissues in an anterior head; evolutionary favored because anterior end typically encounters new environments first
acoelomate
no body cavity; space filled with mesenchyme; typically move by beating cilia; Ex: flatworm
pseudocoelomate
has body cavity in which internal organs are suspended; enclosed by muscles only on its outside; no inner layer of mesoderm surrounding internal organs; Ex: roundworm
coelomate
body cavity that develops within the, therefore surrounded by, mesoderm; lined with muscular tissue called peritoneum; has more refined control over movement of fluids in its body cavity; Ex: earthworm
segmentation
improves control of movement; facilitates specialization of different body regions; allows an animal to alter the shape of its body in complex ways - muscles in each individual segment can change the shape of the segment independently of the others
two branches deuterostomes split into
echinoderms and vertebrates
two branches vertebrates split into
lampreys and gnathostomes
2 branches gnathostomes split into
chondrichthyes and bony vertebrates
2 branches bony vertebrates split into
ray finned fishes and fleshy finned fishes (sarcopterygians)
2 branches sarcopterygians split into
coelecanths and UT (those with internal nostrils)
2 branches UT (internal nostrils) split into
lungfishes and tetrapoda
sarcopterygians
coelecanths, lungfishes and tetrapoda
2 branches tetrapods split into
amniotes and amphibians
2 branches amniotes split into
mammals and reptiles
3 branches of mammals
prototherians (monotremes), eutherians (placental mammals), and marsupials
3 branches of reptiles
turtles, lepidosaurs and archosaurs
examples of lepidosaurs
lizards and snakes
examples of archosaurs
birds and crocodiles
examples of prototherians
platypus and anteater
examples of marsupials
kangaroo and opossums
example of ray-finned fish
salmon
major groups of eutherians
rodents (rodentia), bats (chiroptera), cetaceans, and primates
