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ISA Vocabulary > Tree Biology > Flashcards

Tree Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Meristems

A

Areas of a tree where new cells are created from the division of existing cells.

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2
Q

Differentiation

A

Following division, cells undergo differentiation which changes their structure and permits them to assume a variety of specific functions; Bark, wood, organs. etc

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3
Q

Primary Growth

A

Growth from roots and shoots from the apical meristems (the tip of the meristem).

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4
Q

Secondary Growth

A

A result of lateral (secondary) meristems, increase in root or stem girth or diameter.

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5
Q

Apical Meristem

A

Meristems located at the ends of shoots and roots, in shoots found inside the buds.

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6
Q

Bud

A

1) A small lateral or terminal protuberance on the stem of a plant, may develop into a flower or shoot. 2) undeveloped flower or shoot containing a meristemic growing point.

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7
Q

Cambium

A

Lateral meristem, a thin sheath of dividing cells that produces the Xylem and Phloem.

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8
Q

Xylem

A

Main water-conducting tissue in the tree. Provides structural support. Arises from cambium and becomes wood after lignifying.. The xylem contains tracheids, fibers, parenchyma cells, and in hardwoods, also vessels.

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9
Q

Phloem

A

Vascular tissue that transports photosynthates and growth regulators. Situated on the inside of the bark, just outside the cambium is bidirectional (transports up and down)

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10
Q

Cork Cambium

A

The secondary lateral meristem that produces the bark.

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11
Q

Periderm

A

Bark

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12
Q

Cellulose

A

The structural component of the primary cell wall.

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13
Q

Lignin

A

Component of the plant cells. when formed in the cell walls of the wood, it provides strength and rigidity. that allows trees to grow tall.

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14
Q

4 functions of the xylem

A
  1. conduct water 2. support the weight of the tree 3. storage of carbohydrate reserves 4. defense against the spread of disease (CODIT wall 1)
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15
Q

Symplasm

A

The living tissue of the tree.

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16
Q

Apoplasm

A

The non-living tissue of the tree; Xylem of gymnosperms, (pines, and spruce trees), .

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17
Q

Tracheids

A

Elongated, dead cells with pointy ends and thickened walls. Conduct water in gymnosperms.

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18
Q

Fibers

A

Provide mechanical strength in gymnosperms.

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19
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

Living cells interspersed among other xylem cells located in the outer layer of the xylem store carbohydrates, help defend against decay and have structural function across the grain.

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20
Q

Vessels

A

Found in hardwood tree’s xylem, live tissue.

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21
Q

Ring Porous

A

Trees, elm, oak, and ash tree that form wide vessels early in the growing season and narrower vessels later in the season.

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22
Q

Diffuse Porous

A

Maple, Planetree, poplar produce vessels uniform in size throughout the growing season.

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23
Q

Growth Rings

A

Seasonal production of xylem and cambium cells. appear as rings because the size/ density of vascular tissues changes throughout the growing season.

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24
Q

Sapwood

A

Xylem that conducts water, contains many parenchyma cells.

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25
Q

Heartwood

A

Non-conducting tissue that contains no living cells. sometimes darker color (lignin)

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26
Q

Rays

A

The living channel of cells through which water, elements, and carbohydrates move laterally. Radial transport cells made up of parenchyma cells that grow radially across the grain in small layers that extend across the growth increments of xylem and phloem.

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27
Q

Lenticels

A

Small openings in the bark permit gas exchange.

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28
Q

Apical Buds, Terminal Buds

A

Buds located at the end of a root or shoot.

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29
Q

Lateral, Auxiliary Buds

A

Buds that occur on the stem.

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30
Q

Apical Dominance

A

A condition in which auxiliary buds are dormant because the terminal bud inhibits the growth and development of lateral buds on the same shoot.

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31
Q

Adventitious Buds

A

Produced along stems or roots where primary meristems are not normally found. development may be stimulated by the loss of normal buds and the growth regulators they produce.

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32
Q

Epicormic

A

Arising from a latent adventitious bud (growth point) Usually in reference to a shoot.

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33
Q

Node

A

A slightly enlarged portion of the twig where leaves and buds arise.

34
Q

Internode

A

The area between the nodes.

35
Q

Branch Collar

A

The junction of the branch to the stem and the shoulder around the branch base.

36
Q

Branch Bark Ridge

A

The bark is pushed up to form a bulge around the junction of the branch and trunk.

37
Q

Included Bark

A

The bark that becomes surrounded by wood that weakens the crotch because the normal branch-to trunk attachments are not formed.

38
Q

Cholorpalsts

A

Cells within the leaves that produce Chlorophyll.

39
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The primary leaf pigment that absorbs sunlight.

40
Q

Photosynthesis

A

A reaction that converts chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates.

41
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water through the foliage in the form of water vapor helps cool the leaf and draw water up from the xylem.

42
Q

Cuticle

A

The waxy layer on the outer surface of the leaves. the cuticle helps prevent uncontrolled water loss through the epidermal cells on the leaf surface.

43
Q

Stomata

A

A small opening in the leaf surface that controls the loss of water vapor and the exchange of gases.

44
Q

Guard Cells

A

Regulates the opening and closing of the stomata in response to environmental stimuli such as light, temp, and humidity. This regulates carbon dioxide input and water vapor output.

45
Q

abscission zone

A

Enables leaf drop and protects the region of the stem from desiccation and pathogen entry. Forms at the base of the leaf stalk, or Petiole.

46
Q

Petiole

A

Leaf stalk.

47
Q

Anthocyanins

A

Red and purple pigments that reveal themselves when short days and cold night reduces the amount of chlorophyll production in the leaves.

48
Q

Carotenoids

A

Yellow, orange, and red colors to be unmasked during cold nights and short days. related to low chlorophyll production anticipating winter dormancy.

49
Q

Absorbing roots

A

Small fibrous, primary tissues that grow at the end of and along the main, woody roots. have epidermal cells that may be modified into root hairs, which aid in the uptake of water.

50
Q

Lateral Roots

A

Horizontal roots that form near the surface of the soil the upper 12 inches where moisture and oxygen are present.

51
Q

Sinker Roots

A

Grows vertically downward providing anchorage and increasing the depth of the soil.

52
Q

TapRoot

A

The downward growing root of young trees that is usually choked-out by the expansion of roots around them. Few mature trees have actual taproots.

53
Q

Root Crown

A

The area where the roots join the main stem. From here the roots spread out and decrease rather quickly in diameter in the “zone of rapid taper”.

54
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Fungus roots form a symbiotic relationship between the tree and fungus.

55
Q

Photosynthate

A

the carbohydrates of photosynthesis, the building blocks for many other compounds that include proteins, starches, fat, growth regulators, amino acids, etc.

56
Q

Respiration

A

(Food Using) The process by which the carbohydrates generated by photosynthesis and store as starch are used by the tree.

57
Q

Photosynthesis

A

(Food Making)

58
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water from leaf surfaces in the form of water vapor. The evaporation of water cools the leaves and creates a “transpirational pull” that moves water up through the xylem.

59
Q

Antitranspiration

A

Sprays used to close stomatal pores artificially or to add an impervious coating on the leaf surface, reducing water loss during transplanting, or drought conditions.

60
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water through a membrane from a region of high potential (water concentration) to a region of low water potential.

61
Q

Angiosperms

A

Plants with seeds born in an ovary exclude coniferous trees. Younger species in the geologic time scale.

62
Q

Source

A

Leaves are the source of photosynthate.

63
Q

Sink

A

Photosynthate travels through the phloem in a direction toward areas of the tree that requires more energy than they produce. new growth after reserves has been exhausted.

64
Q

Axial Transport

A

The longitudinal movement of water in the xylem and phloem.

65
Q

Radial transport

A

The horizontal movement of water or nutrients within the tree between cells of different ages (ray cells).

66
Q

Plant Growth Regulators

A

Hormones, regulate growth and development

67
Q

Auxins

A

Plant growth regulator that can be developed as root growth hormones.

68
Q

Cytokinins

A

Produced in the roots instrumental in shoot initiation and growth.

69
Q

Geotropism

A

growth in response to gravity, growing up toward the light, roots growing down toward the water.

70
Q

Phototropism

A

Plants growing at an angle toward the light.

71
Q

Decurrent

A

Multi-stem growth habit.

72
Q

Excurrent

A

Single-trunk, conifers.

73
Q

Compartmentalization

A

CODIT

74
Q

Temperate

A

Tropical trees that lack “annual” growth rings and do not experience dormancy.

75
Q

Buttress roots

A

Roots at the trunk of a tree that help support the tree and distribute mechanical stress.

76
Q

Monocots

A

Single leaf produced at germination typically includes grasses and palms.

77
Q

Fronds

A

Palm leaves.

78
Q

Leaf Axils

A

point of attachment from a leaf petiole to a leaf stem.

79
Q

Inflorescences

A

Large aggregates of small flowers.

80
Q

Root Initiation Zone

A

Roots that develop at the base of the stem in palms.

ISA Vocabulary (7 decks)

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