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Tree Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ABSCISSION

A

LEAF OR FRUIT DROP INDUCED BY HORMONAL CHANGES.

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2
Q

ABSCISSION ZONE

A

AREA AT THE BASE OF A PETIOLE, SMALL BRANCH, OR FLOWER WHERE CELLULAR BREAKDOWN LEADS TO LEAF, FLOWER, OR FRUIT DROP

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3
Q

ABSORBING ROOTS

A

FINE ROOTS WITH UNCTIONAL ROOT HARIS THAT ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE UPTAKE OF WATER AND MINERALS.

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4
Q

ADVENTITIOUS

A

ARISING PERIPHERALLY FROM PART OF THE ROOT OR STEM AND HAVING NO CONNECTION TO MERISTEMS OR EXISTING BUDS

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5
Q

ALLELOPATHY

A

THE INFLUENCE, USUALLY DETRIMENTAL, OF ONE PLANT ON ANTOHER, BY THE RELEASE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES.

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6
Q

ANATOMY

A

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSTION OF PLANTS AND OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS

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7
Q

Angiosperm

A

Plant with seeds borne in an ovary; consists of two large groups; monocotyledons (grasses, palms, and related plants) and dicotyledons (most woody trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and related plants)

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8
Q

Anthocyanin

A

Red or purple pigment responsible for those colors in some plants.

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9
Q

Apical

A

Having to do with the tip of a leaf, stem or root

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10
Q

Apical bud

A

Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot

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11
Q

Apical control

A

Inhibition of lateral buds, decreasing from the top down, by apical buds over many seasons, resulting in trees with an excurrent growth form

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12
Q

Apical meristem

A

Growing point in buds and at the tips of shoots and roots

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13
Q

Apoplast

A

Free space in plant tissue; includes cell walls as well as intracellular spaces

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14
Q

Auxin

A

Plant hormone that promotes or regulates the growth and development of plants; produced at sites where cells are dividing, primarily in the shoot tips; auxin-like compounds may be synthetically produced.

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15
Q

Axial transport

A

Movement of water, minerals, or photosynthates longitudinally within a tree

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16
Q

Axillary bud

A

Bud I the axil of a leaf, lateral bud

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17
Q

Callus

A

Undifferentiated tissue formed by the cambium, usually as the result of wounding

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18
Q

Cambium

A

Thin layer of meristematic cells that give rise (outward) to the phloem and (inward) to the xylem, which results in secondary growth (increasing diameter) of stems and roots.

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19
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Chemical compound, combining carbon hydrogen, and oxygen in proportion of C:2H:O (CH2O), that is produced by plants as a result of photosynthesis (sugars) or derived from assimilates (starches, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin)

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20
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

Colorless gas, soluble in water, used by green plants to make carbohydrates during photosynthesis; CO2

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21
Q

Carotenoid

A

Yellow, orange, or red pigment often responsible for those colors in some parts of trees and other plants

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22
Q

Cellulose

A

Long-chain, insoluble glucose polymer found in the cell walls of the majority of plants

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23
Q

Chloroplast

A

Specialized organelle found in some cells; site of photosynthesis

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24
Q

Compartmentalization

A

Natural defense process in trees by which chemical and physical boundaries are created that act to limit the spread of disease and decay in organisms.

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25
Q

Compression wood

A

Reaction wood in gymnosperms, and some angiosperms, that develops on the underside of branches or leaning trunks and is important in load bearing.

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26
Q

Cross section

A

Section perpendicular to the axis of longitudinal growth

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27
Q

Cytokins

A

Plant hormones involved in cell division, leaf expansion, and other physiological processes; compounds with cytokinin-like activity may be synthetically produced.

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28
Q

Differentiation

A

Process in the development of cells in which they become specialized for various functions

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29
Q

Diffuse porous

A

Pattern of wood development in which the vessels and vessel sizes are distributed evenly throughout the growth ring

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30
Q

Dormant bud

A

Bud originally developed in leaf axil and connected to the pith by a bud trace that has not been stimulated to mature and grow; some buds remain dormant throughout the life of woody plant

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31
Q

Epicormic shoot

A

Shoot arising from a dormant bud or from newly formed adventitious tissue

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32
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer tissue of leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and seeds

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33
Q

Ethylene

A

Gaseous plant hormone that triggers fruit ripening and plant senescence

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34
Q

Gibberelins

A

Group of plant hormones involved in cell elongation and other physiological processes

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35
Q

Gymnosperm

A

Plants with exposed seeds, usually within cones; the classes Ginkopsida and coniferospida are members of the group

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36
Q

Heartwood

A

Central wood in a branch or stem characterized by being composed of dead cells, more resistant to decay, generally darker, and harder than the outer sapwood; trees may or may not have heartwood.

37
Q

Internode

A

Region of the stem between two successive nodes

38
Q

Lateral bud

A

Vegetative bud on the side of a stem

39
Q

Lenticel

A

Small opening in the bark that permits the exchange of gases

40
Q

Lignification

A

Process in which secondary cell walls are formed, making cell walls thicker and stronger by deposition of lignin

41
Q

Lignin

A

Organic substance that impregnates secondary cell walls to thicken and strengthen the call, at times to reduce susceptibility to decay and pest damage.

42
Q

Meristem

A

Undifferentiated tissue in which active cell division takes place found in the root tips, buds, cambium, cork cambium, and latent buds.

43
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Symbiotic association between certain fungi and absorbing roots of plants.

44
Q

Node

A

Point on a stem from which leaves, branches, and aerial roots are attached.

45
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water potential (lower salt concentration) to a region of lower water potential (higher salt concentration)

46
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

Thin walled, living cells capable of dividing and essential in photosynthesis, redial transport, energy storage, and production of defense compounds.

47
Q

Periderm

A

Outer layers of tissue of woody roots and stems, consisting of the cork cambium and the tissues produced by it, such as bark

48
Q

Phellem

A

The very outer portion of the bark that often exfoliates in plates or peels as it sheds from the tree

49
Q

Phelloderm

A

The inner portion of the outer bark that generates the phelloderm on the inside and the phellem on the outside; cork cambium.

50
Q

Phloem

A

Plant vascular tissue that transports photosynthates and growth regulators’ situated on the inside of the bark, just outside the cambium; is bidirectional (transports up and down).

51
Q

Photoperiod

A

Length of daylight and or darkness required for certain developmental process and growth in plants

52
Q

Photosynthate

A

General term for the sugars and other carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis

53
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process in green plants (and algae and some bacteria) by which light energy is used to form glucose (chemical energy) from water and carbon dioxide

54
Q

Phytochrome

A

Plant pigment that is sensitive to certain wavelengths of light (red and far red); plays a role in plant responses to light

55
Q

Pith

A

Central core of a stem; often a lighter color than surrounding tissue

56
Q

Plant growth regulator

A

Compound effective in small quantities that affects the growth and/or development of plants; may be naturally produced (hormone) or synthetic

57
Q

Plant hormones

A

Substance produced by a plant that, in low concentrations, affects physiological processes such as growth and development, often at a distance from the substances’ point of origin

58
Q

Primary growth

A

Root and stem growth in length; occurs in apical and lateral meristems

59
Q

Radial transport

A

Lateral movement of substances perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tree or stem

60
Q

Ray

A

Parenchyma tissues that extend radially across the xylem and phloem of a tree and function in transport, storage, structural strength, and defense

61
Q

Reaction wood

A

Wood formed in leaning or crooked stems or on lower or upper sides of branches as a means of counteracting the effects of gravity

62
Q

Respiration

A

In plants, process by which carbohydrates are converted into energy by using oxygen

63
Q

Rhizosphere

A

Soil area immediately adjacent to, and affected by, plant roots; typically has a high level of microbial activity

64
Q

Ring porous

A

Pattern of wood development in which the large-diameter vessels are concentrated in the early wood

65
Q

Root cap

A

Group of cells protecting the apical meristem at the root tip

66
Q

Root hairs

A

Modified epidermal cells of a root that absorb the majority of water and minerals

67
Q

Sapwood

A

Outer wood (xylem) that has living cells that are active in longitudinal transport of water and solutes

68
Q

Secondary growth

A

Increase in root and stem girth or diameter occurs in later or secondary meristems in some vascular plants such as dicots

69
Q

Secondary phloem

A

phloem produced to the exterior of the vascular cambium during secondary growth

70
Q

Secondary xylem

A

Xylem produced to the interior of the vascular cambium during secondary growth

71
Q

Senescence

A

Process of aging; process preceeding leaf drop in deciduous plants

72
Q

Sieve cells

A

Long, slender phloem cells in gymnosperms

73
Q

Sieve tube elements

A

Specialized phloem cells involved in photosynthate transport; exists only in angiosperms

74
Q

Sink

A

Plant part that uses or stores more energy than it produces

75
Q

Source

A

In physiology, plant part that produces carbohydrates; most green parts are sources because the presence of chlorophyll is indicative of photosynthesis, including mature leaves and green bark

76
Q

Stomata (stomates)

A

Small apertures between two guard cells predominantly on the undersides of leaves and other green plant parts, through which gases are exchanged and water loss is regulated

77
Q

Symplast

A

Entire mass of protoplasm of all the cells in a plant, interconnected b plasmodesmata

78
Q

Tension wood

A

Form of reaction wood in angiosperms that forms on the upper side of branches or the trunks of leaning trees

79
Q

Terminal bud

A

Bud at the tip of a twig or shoot; apical bud

80
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells with similar structure that have a special function

81
Q

Tracheid

A

Elongated, tapering xylem cell that is dead at maturity and adapted for the support and transport of water and elements

82
Q

Transpiration

A

Water vapor loss, primarily through the stomata of leaves

83
Q

Turgor

A

Distension in a plant cell caused by its fluid contents

84
Q

Tyloses

A

Protrusions of the parenchyma cells that enter and block adjacent xylem cells when those cells become inactive or injured

85
Q

Vascular cambium

A

Lateral meristem from which secondary xylem and secondary phloem originate

86
Q

Vascular system

A

Phloem and xylem, the parts of a tree that conduct water and minerals or organic compounds

87
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Tissue that conducts water or nutrients

88
Q

Vessels

A

Tube-like, water conducting cells in the xylem of angiosperms

89
Q

Xylem

A

Main water-and mineral-conducting (unidirectional, up only) tissue in trees and other plants; provides structural support; arises (inward) from the cambium and becomes wood after lignifying

Tree Biology (1 decks)

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